نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر فواصل زمانی مختلف تمرین‌آسایی بر تحکیم مبتنی بر ثبات و ارتقای حافظة آشکار می‌باشد. نمونۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر ‌در سه گروه حافظة آشکار حرکتی (گروه‌های ارتقای با فاصله2ساعت، تداخل با فاصله2ساعت + آزمون یادداری با فاصلۀh 2 و تداخل بافاصله 2 ساعت + آزمون یادداری فوری)، سه گروه حافظة آشکار (گروه‌های 12 ساعت ارتقا، تداخل تأخیری با فاصلة h12+ اجرای آزمون یادداری فوری و تداخل تأخیری h12+ اجرای آزمون یادداری با فاصلۀh 12)، و سه گروه حافظة آشکار حرکتی (گروه‌های 48ساعت ارتقا، تداخل تأخیری با فاصلة h48+ اجرای آزمون یادداری فوری و تداخل تأخیری h48+ آزمون یادداری با فاصلةh 48) تقسیم شدند. این پژوهش شامل مراحل اکتساب و یادداری بود و تکالیف زمان واکنش زنجیره‌ای متناوب و زمان واکنش دو انتخابی بینایی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در فاز اول مطالعه، تحکیم مبتنی بر ارتقا و در فاز دوم، تحکیم مبتنی بر ثبات بررسی شد. نتایج فاز اول برای گروه‌های ارتقای دو ، ارتقای 12  و ارتقای 48 ساعت نشان داد تحکیم مبتنی بر ارتقا برای گروه حافظة آشکار 48 ساعت ارتقا رخ داده است. نتایج فاز دوم نیز نشان داد در هر سه گروه حافظة با فاصله تمرین آسایی 48 ساعت، گروه‌های تداخل تأخیری با فاصلة h12 + اجرای آزمون یادداری فوری و تداخل تاخیریh 12+ آزمون یادداری با فاصلةh 12 اثر تحکیم مبتنی بر ثبات رخ داده و در گروه‌های حافظة با فاصله تمرین آسایی دو ساعت (تداخل بعد از دو ساعت + آزمون یادداری با فاصلة دو ساعت و تداخل بعد از دو ساعت + آزمون یادداری فوری) اثر تداخل پس‌گستر ایجاد شده است. همچنین، یافته‌ها نشان داند حافظة مربوط به تکلیف، بعد از یادگیری مهارت و در مرحلۀ استراحت، ثبات، ارتقا و تحکیم می‌یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of off-line time different periods on stabilization and enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit memory

نویسنده [English]

  • Amir Shams

چکیده [English]

The aim of this research was the effect of off-line time different periods on stabilization and enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit memory. students were randomly divided into 9 groups with distance of 12 h enhancement, immediate interference + retention with distance of 12 h, delay interference with distance of 12 h + immediate retention, delay interference with distance of 12 h + delay retention with distance of 12 h, distance of 48 h enhancement, immediate interference + retention with distance of 48 h, delay interference with distance of 48 h + immediate retention, delay interference with distance of 48 h + delay retention with distance of 48 h. This research consisted of two phases of learning and retention. Alternating serial reaction time and two selection reaction time tasks were used for this research. In retention results showed that group with 48h period occurred consolidation based enhancement. Results showed that in groups with off line period 48 and groups with delay interference with distance of 12 h + delay retention with distance of 12 h occurred stabilization based consolidation. In group with 12h offline period (immediate interference + retention with distance of 12 h) occurred retrograde interference effect. Groups delay interference with distance of 12 h + delay retention with distance of 12 h, and delay interference with distance of 48 h + delay retention with distance of 48 h have better stabilization based consolidation (P<0.05). Finally, results showed that enhancement and stabilization in alternating serial reaction time task cannot be obtained by practice and during session training, but enhancement and stabilization based consolidation obtained after off line stage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Consolidation
  • Motor explicit memory
  • Off line Distance
  • Enhancement
  • Stabilization
1) Dennis N, Cabeza R. Age-related dedifferentiation of learning systems: An fMRI study of implicit and explicit learning. Neurobiology of Aging. 2011; 32: 2318.e17–2318.e30.
2) Müller A, Pilzecker's M.‌ Early insights into everyday forgetting and recent research on anterograde amnesia. Journal of Cortex. 1990; 43(5): 616-34.
3) Stickgold R, Walker M P. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Sleep Med. 2007; 8(4): 331-43.
4) Walker M P. A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2005; 28‌(1): 51-64; discussion 64-104.
5) Walker M P, Brakefield T, Seidman J, Morgan A, Hobson J A, Stickgold R. Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learn Mem. 2003; 10(4): 275-84.
6) Wilson J K, Baran B, Pace-Schott E F, Ivry R B, Spencer R M ‌C. Sleep modulates word-pair learning but not motor sequence learning in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2012, 33: 991–1000. 
7) Atienza M, ‌ Cantero J L, Dominguez-Marin E. The time course of neural changes underlying auditory perceptual learning. Learn Mem. 2002; 9: 138–50.
8) Gaab N, Paetzold M, Becker M, Walker M P, Schlaug G. The influence of sleep on auditory learning‌: Behavioral study. Neuroreport. 2004; 15: 731-4. 
9) Maquet P, Schwartz S, Passingham R, Frith C. Sleep-related consolidation of a visuomotor skill: Brain mechanisms as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neuroscience. 2003; 23: 1432–40. 
10) Press D Z, Casement M D, Pascual-Leone A, Robertson E M. The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. Cognition Brain Research. 2005; 25: 375–8. 
11) Duke R A, Allen S E, Cash C D, Simmons A L. Effects of early and late breaks during the retrieval of recent and remote memory. Current Biology. 2009; 23: 99–106.
12) Allen S. ‌Procedural memory consolidation in musicians. Manuscript submitted for‌ publication. Trends Neuroscience. 2008; 12: 1026–31.
13) Song S, James H, Howard J R, Darlene V H. Sleep does not benefit probabilistic motor sequence learning. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2007; ‌27(46): 12475–83. 
14) Nemeth D, Janacsek K, Londe Z, Ullman M T, Howard D, Howard J. Sleep has no critical role in implicit motor se­quence learning in young and old adults. Experimental Brain Re­search. 2011; 201: 351–8. 
15) Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The dynamics of implicit skill consolidation in young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 2010; 66: 15-22.
16) Brashers-Krug T, Shadmehr R, Bizzi E. Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature. 1996; 382: 252–5. 
17) Hung S C, Seitz A R. Retrograde interference in perceptual learning of a peripheral hyperacuity task. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: 1-5.  
18) Mednick S C, Nakayama K, Stickgold R. Sleep-dependent learning: A nap is as good as a night. Nature Neuroscience. 2003; 6(7): 697-8.
19) Nader K, ‌ Einarsson E O. Memory reconsolidation: ‌An update. ‌Annals of the New York ‌Academy‌ of Sciences. ‌2010; 1191: ‌27–41. 
20) Simmons A L. Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musician’s skill learning. J Res in Music Educe. 2012; 59‌(4): 368-57.
21) Caithness G, Osu R, ‌ Bays P, ‌ Chase H, ‌ Klassen J, Kawato M, et al. Failure to consolidate the consolidation theory of learning for sensorimotor adaptation tasks. Neuroscience. 2004; 24: 8662–71. 
22) Romano J C, Howard J H, Howard D V. Enhanced implicit sequence learning in college‐age video game players and musicians. App Cog Psycho. 2012; 26: 91–6. 
23) Wichert S, Wolf O T, Schwabe L. Reactivation, interference, and reconsolidation: Are‌ recent and remote memories likewise susceptible? Behavioral Neuroscience. 2011; 125: 699-704. 
24) Shamsipoor P. Effect of immediate, recent and remote explicit motor memory on reconsolidation process and retrograde effect. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2014; 2 (3): 37-48
25) Romano J C, Howard J H, Howard D V. One-year retention of general and sequence specific skills in a probabilistic, serial reaction time task. Memo. 2011; 18‌(4): 427-41.
26) Howard J H, Howard D V. Age differences in implicit learning of higher order dependencies in serial patterns. Psycho Aging. 1997; 12: 634–56.  
27) Walker M P, Brakefield T, Morgan A, Hobson J A, Stickgold R. Practice with sleep makes perfect: Sleep dependent motor skill learning. Neuron. 2002; 3;35 (1): 205-11.
28) Bonnici H M, Chadwick M J, Maguire E A. Representations of recent and remote autobiographical memories in hippocampal subfields. Hippocampus. 2013; 23: 849–54.  
29) Ghadiri F, Rashidy-Pour A, Bahram A, Zahediasl S. Effects of stress related acute exercise on consolidation of implicit motor memory‌. koomesh. 2013; 14‌(2): 223-31.
30) Karni A, Ungerleider L G, Benali H, Carrier J. Fast and slow spindle involvement in the consolidation of a new motor sequence. Behavioral Brain Research. 2011; 217: 117–21. 
31) Shamsipoor P, Abdolshahy M. The effect of different recall distances on explicit motor memory consolidation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2015; 2 (4): 36-45.
32) Kantak S S, Winstein C J. Learning–performance distinction and memory processes for motor skills: A focused review and perspective. Behav Brain Res. 2012; 228: 219–‌31.
33) Brawn T P, Fenn K M, Nusbaum H C, Margoliash D. Consolidating the effects of waking and sleep on motor-sequence learning. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2010, 30 (42): 13977–82.
34) Lemieux S T, penhune V B. The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention. Exp Brain Res. 2005; 161(4): 423-31.
35) Robertson E M, Press D Z, Pascual-Leone A. Off-line learning and the primary motor cortex. J Neurosci. 2005; 25: 6372–8. 
36) Donchin O, Sawaki L, Madupu G, Cohen L G, Shadmehr R. Mechanisms influencing acquisition and recall of motor memories. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2002; 88(4):      2114-23.
37) Fischer S, Hallschmid M, Elsner A, Born J. Sleep forms memory for finger skills. PNAS. 2002; 99(18): 11987-91.
38) Shahabi Kaseb M R‌, Mehrjoo M, Damavandi M, Estiri Z.‌ The effect of time of training and night sleep on enhancement of "accuracy" and "timing" components of fine motor skill. Motor Behavior. 2014; 17(6): 185-204.