نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار رفتار حرکتی، دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 کارشناسی ارشد رفتار حرکتی، دانشگاه آزاد اصفهان، واحد خوراسگان

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین‌ ثبات مرکزی بر تعادل ایستا و پویای کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی آموزش‌پذیر هشت تا 10 سال بود. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش را تمامی کم‌توانان ذهنی آموزش‌پذیر هشت تا 10 سال مدرسۀ مهر شهرستان مبارکه تشکیل دادند. بر‌اساس پروندۀ آموزشی، نمونۀ آماری شامل 24 دانش‌آموز کم‌توان ذهنی‌ آموزش‌پذیر از این مدرسه بود که برحسب معاینات پزشکی از نظر جسمانی سالم بودند، محدودیتی در انجام حرکات نداشتند، به‌صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شرکت نموده و دارای میانگین و انحراف استاندارد سن (74/12±0/9)، قد (6/1±8/121) و وزن (9/25‌±‌6/23) بودند. در ابتدای پژوهش به‌منظور ارزیابی اولیه از وضعیت تعادل آزمودنی‌ها از آزمون شارپندرومبرگ برای تعادل ایستا با چشمان باز و بسته و آزمون برخاستن و رفتن برای تعادل پویا استفاده شد. سپس، آزمودنی‌ها به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 12 نفرۀ تجربی و کنترل جایگزین شدند. گروه تجربی (شامل پنج دختر و هفت پسر) به‌مدت هشت هفته تمرینات ثبات مرکزی را به‌صورت سه جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه به‌مدت 45 دقیقه اجرا کردند. تمرینات شامل: حرکات پل‌زدن، نیمه درازونشست، بالا‌آوردن دست‌ها و پاها در حالت دور‌ و درازونشست با چرخش بود.در این مدت گروه کنترل (شامل سه دختر و نه پسر) هیچ‌گونه فعالیت تمرینی در ارتباط با ثبات مرکزی را انجام ندادند. پس از هشت هفته هر دو گروه از طریق آزمون‌های تعادل اجرا‌شده در ابتدای دوره (پیش‌آزمون) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آمار توصیفی استفاده شد و در بخش استنباطی، آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس در سطح (05/0) به‌کار رفت. نتایج نشان داد تعادل ایستا با چشمان باز (000.0=P) و بسته (000.0=P) و تعادل پویای (000.0=P) گروه تجربی با گروه کنترل پس از هشت هفته تمرینات ثبات مرکزی تفاوت معناداری داشت؛ بنابراین، تمرینات ثبات مرکزی می‌تواند تعادل ایستا و پویای کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی هشت تا 10 سال را بهبود بخشد و معلمان و مربیان می‌توانند از این تمرینات در‌راستای ارتقای عملکردهای حرکتی و بهزیستی آن‌ها استفاده نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of 8 Weeks of Core Stability Training on Static and Dynamic Balance In Mentally Retarded Children 8 to 10 Years

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Shafizadeh 1
  • Zahra Mohamadi 2

1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Shahrekord

2 M.Sc. of Motor Behavior, Azad University of Isfahan Branch Khorasgan

چکیده [English]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in mentally retarded educable children eight to ten years. The population of this study was all of mentally retarded children of Mehr School in Momarekeh city and sample consisted 24 educable mentally retarded students, with mean and standard deviation for age (9.12±0.74years), height (121.1±8.6Cm) and weight (23.25±6.9Kg), who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. In the first preliminary assessment of the state of static and dynamic balance subjects, Sharpend Rombrg and get up and go tests respectively were used. the subjects were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (n=12).The experimental group had eight weeks of core stability training with three sessions per week and each session lasted for 45 minutes. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific types of exercise. After eight weeks, both groups were participated in the post tests that were the same as the pretests. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of covariance at the 0.05 level. The results showed significant difference in static balance with eyes open (P=0.000), eyes­ close (P=0.000) and dynamic balance (P=0.000) between the experimental and control group after eight weeks of core stability training. Finally, core stability exercises can improve static and dynamic balance mentally retarded children eight to ten years. Therefore, coach and teacher can use theses exercise to enhance the motor performance and welfare of mentally retarded children.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Core Stability Exercises
  • Static Balance
  • Dynamic Balance
  • Children
  • Mentally Retarded
1-Seifnaraghi M, Naderi E. Psychology and education of exceptional children. 5th ed. Tehran: Arasbaran Publication; 2001. P. 10-27. (In Persian).
2- Jankowicz Szymanska A, Mikolajczyk E, Wojtanowski W. The effect of physical training on static balance in young people with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 2012; 33(2): 675-81.
3-Giagazoglou P, Arabatzi F, Dipla K, Liga M. Effect of a hippotherapy intervention program on static balance and strength in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2012; 33(6): 2265-70.
4-Gorla J I, Leonardo T C, Paulo F A. Performance of balance beam task of K.T. K. by people with intellectual disability. J Artigo. 2010;11(17):101-11.
5-Gargiulo R M. Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. 4th ed. United States: Sage Publications; 2012. P. 139-43.
6- ­Kirk S, Gallagher J J, Coleman M R, Anastasiow N. Educating exceptional hildren. 20‌th ed. Boston New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company; 2009. P. 233-‌5.
7- American Association of Mental Retardation. Mental retardation:definition, classification and systems of support. Washington DC: Author Pub; 2002. P. 32-36.
8- Khajavi D, Hashemi Moghadam S Sh, Khalaji H. The study of physical education program for mentally deficient students from experts’ point of view. Research in Exceptional Children Journal. 2008; 8(2): 187-204. (Persian).
9- Frey G C, Stanish H I, Temple V A. Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: Review and research agenda. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2008; 25(2): 95-117.
10-Westendorp M, Houwen S, Hartman E, Visscher C. Are gross motor skills and sports participation related in children with intellectual disabilities? Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32(3): 1147-53.
11- Frey G C, Chow B. Relationship between BMI, physical fitness and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30(5): 861-7.
12- Rimmer J H, Kelly L E. Research gross motor development in preschool children with learning disabilities. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2003; 6(3): 268-79.
13- Bouffard M, Wall A E. A problem-solving approach to movement skill acquisition: Implications for special populations. Elsevier Science Publishers B.1990; 12(3):107–‌31.
14- Graham A, Reid G. Physical fitness of adults with an intellectual disability: A 13-year follow-up study. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000; 71(8): 152-61.
15- Carmeli E, Zinger-Vaknin T, Morad M, Merrick J. Can physical training have an effect on well-being in adults with mild intellectual disability? Mech Ageing Dev. 2005; 126(2): 299-304.
16- Asgari T. The effect of interrater and intrarater reliability of berg balance scale in balance evaluation of children with spastic cerebral palsy (Master dissertation). Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2007. (In Persian).
17- Alizadeh M, Raeisi J, Shirzad E, Bagheri L. The effect of sensory information of standing balance control in athletes and non-athletes. Motor and Sport Science Magazine. 2009; 7(1): 21-30. (In Persian).
18- Amiri-Khorasani M, Mogharabi Manzari M. Effect of different physical activity levels on the static and dynamic balance of dominant and non-dominant legs in females. J Res Rehabil Sc. 2013; 9(7): 1177-88. (In Persian).
19- Shahheydari S, Norasteh A A, Mohebbi H. The relationship between anthropometric factors and leg muscle strength with static and dynamic balance ability in female athletes. Electronic Physician. 2011; 3(3): 5-23. (In Persian).
20- Kibler W, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med. 2006;36(3): 189-98.
21-Akuthota V, Andrea F, Tamara M, Ichael F. Core stability exercise principles. Sports Med Rep. 2008; 7(‌1): ‌‌39-44.
22-Atlantise E, Chow C, Kirby A, Singh M. An effective exercise-‌based intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures, randomizded controlled trial. Preve Med. 2004; 39(2): 424-‌34.
23- McCaskey A. The effects of core stability training on star excursion balance test and global core muscular endurance: Thesis of Masters of Science Degree in Exercise Science . Toledo Univ; 2011.
24- Czaprowski D, Afeltowicz A, Gebicka A, Paw1owska P, Kedra A, Barrios C, et al. Abdominal muscle EMG-activity during bridge exercises on stable and unstable surfaces. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2013; 15(3): 162-8.
25- Gholami Borujeni B, Ghasemi B, Rabiei M, Moradi M R. Comparing the effect of stability training program and closed kinetic chain training program on the balance of mentally retarded students (Master dissertation). Shahrekord University; 2014. (In Persian).
26- Ahmadi R, Daneshmandi H, Barati A H. The effect of 6 weeks core stabilization training program on the balance in mentally retarded students. Int J Sport Stud. 2012; 2(10): 496-501. (In Persian).
27- Mccurdy K, Langford G, Doscher M, Wiley L, Mallard K. The effects of short term unilateral and bilateral lower body resistance training on measures of strength and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2005; 19 (1): 9-15.
28- Rahmani P, Shahrokhi H.The study of static and dynamic balance in nentally retarded female students with and without Down Syndrome (DS). Journal of Sport Medicine. 2011; 2(2): 97-113. (In Persian).
29- Yilmaz I, Ergun N, Konukman F, Agbuga B, Zobra E, Cimen Z. The effects of water exercise and swimming on physical fitness of children with mental retardation. Journal of Human Kinetic. 2009; 21(2): 105-111.
30- Kubilay N, Yildirin Y, Kara B. Effect of balance training and posture exercises on functional level in mental retardation. Physiotherapy Rehabilitasyon. 2011; 22(2): 55-64.
31- Paula K, yim-chiplis, Laura A T. Defining and measuring balance in adults. Biol Res Nurs. 2000; 1(4): 321-331.
32- Aggarwal A, Kumar S. The relationship between cor stability performance and the lower extremities statistic balance performance in recreationally active individuals. Nigerian Journal of Medical Rehabilitation. 2012; 15(1 and 2): 11-16.
33- Granacher U, Lacroix A. Effects of core instability strength training on trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. Gerontology. 2012; 59(2): 105-13.
34- Anoop A, Kalpana Z. Effect of core stabilization training on dynamic balance in non perfessional sports palyers. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupation Therapy an International Journal. 2010; 4(4): 18-22.
35- Sekendiz B, Cug M, Korkusuz F. Effect of swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility and balance in sedentary women. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(11): 3032-40.
36- Freeman J, Gear M. The effect of core stabilily training on balance and mobality in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: A multi-center series of single case studies. Multiple Sclerosis. 2010; 16‌(11): 1377-84.
37- Clary S, Barnes C, Bamben D. Effect of ballatessto aerobics and walking on medicine balancc in women aged 50-75 years. Journal of Sports Science. 2006; 5(3): 390-99.
38- Swaney M R, Hess R A. The effect of core stabilization on balance and postuer in female collegiate swimmer. Journal of Athelets Train. 2003;38(2): 90-95.
39- Lahatinen U, Rintala P, Malin A. Pysical performance of individuals with intellectual disability: A 30- year follow up. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 2007; 24(2): 125-143.
40-Burke R E. sir charles Sherrington’s the integrative action of the nervous system: A centenary appreciation. Brain. 2007; 130(4): 887-894.
41- Shumway-Cook A, Anson D, Haller S. Postural sway biofeedback: Its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients‌. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1988; 69‌‌(6): 395–400.
42- Amouzadeh Khalili M, Rasoulzadeh M, Pahlavanian A. The comparison of motor skills in mentall retardation and normal children with intellectual age in 6-7 ages. Semnan Medicine University. 2012; 13(4): 460-‌64. (In Persian).
43- Sheihk M, Mehralitabar H, Nejadsahebi N, Najafifard A‌. The effect of selective period of sport training on balance of boy mentally retarded educable children. National Conference on Psychology, Educational Sciences and Social Sciences; civilica ;2014:214.
44- andi H, Barati A H. Effect of 6-week core stabilization exercises on dynamic balance of mentally retarded and normal subjects. Journal for Research in Sport Medicine and Technology. 2013; 2(3): 77. (In Persian).