پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی رفتار حرکتی 2538-273X مقالات آماده انتشار 2026 05 18 The effect of game-based interventions on improving perceived motor competence and the motivation to participate in sports in children with developmental coordination disorder تأثیر مداخلات بازی‌محور بر بهبود شایستگی حرکتی ادراک‌شده و انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال هماهنگی رشدی 5042 10.22089/mbj.2026.17495.2225 FA مهران خدابنده لوی گروه علوم ورزشی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-0178-4295 نگار آرازشی گروه علوم ورزشی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-3817-2417 صالح رفیعی گروه رفتار حرکتی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-1230-1102 کیوان ملانوروزی گروه علوم ورزشی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-1374-460X Journal Article 2025 08 02 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of game-based interventions (including purposeful motor, group, and developmental games) on improving perceived motor competence and motivation for sports participation in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included 30 boys aged 8 to 10 years with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in Miandoab County, who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). Game-based interventions were implemented for the experimental group for 18 sessions (six weeks, three sessions of 45 to 60 minutes each week). These interventions included structured motor games such as agility and speed stations, rope and obstacle relay games, forward rolls, triple jumps, four-square games, and single- and double-leg relay runs, which were designed to improve basic motor skills, social interaction, and enjoyment. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that game-based interventions had a significant effect on improving perceived motor competence (p<0.05). They also increased the motivation for sports participation in the dimensions of group orientation, energy depletion, situational factors, friendship, and fun and entertainment in children with developmental coordination disorder (p < 0.05). Keywords: Coordination disorder, children, play-based interventions, perceived motor competence, motivation for sports participation Background and Purpose Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by deficits in fine and gross motor skills (Wilson et al., 2017). According to DSM‑5, children with DCD display motor coordination below age expectations that interferes with daily or academic functioning, with symptoms appearing early and not explained by other conditions (APA, 2013). About 5–6% of school‑aged children are affected, with boys more frequently diagnosed (Harris et al., 2015). Children with DCD typically show lower physical fitness than their peers, likely due to reduced activity and avoidance of movement‑based tasks (Hay & Missiuna, 1998; Cairney et al., 2017). Although many interventions focus on motor symptoms, limited attention has addressed fitness problems, despite physical fitness being vital for health and academic performance (Corbin et al., 2000; Ortega et al., 2008). With global declines in children’s fitness (Long et al., 2018), it is essential to ensure children with DCD have opportunities to improve fitness and participate in meaningful physical activity (Faigenbaum et al., 2011). Methods Considering that the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of game-based interventions on the improvement and development of perceived motor competence and the motivation to participate in sports in 8-10-year-old children with developmental coordination disorder, the present research design was a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the current research was all boys aged 8-10 who were studying in the second to fifth grades of elementary school in Miandoab city in the academic years of 2022-2023. Among the statistical population of the research, 30 children with DCD (15 people in each group) were purposefully selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria using available sampling method and then randomly placed in two control and experimental groups. The inclusion criteria included the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder using screening tools including the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire and the MABC-2 test. The withdrawal criteria included absence of more than two sessions and possible injury in training and inability to perform training. Results First, information about the research data was obtained using descriptive statistics, which can be seen in Table. 1. Then, in order to check the normality of the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used and it was found that in all the tests, the data have a normal distribution, and thus the condition of the normality of the data distribution was confirmed for the use of parametric statistical tests. For this purpose, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used. Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of research variables Variable Group Measurement stage Mean Standard deviation Perceived motor competence Experimental pre-test 27.13 3.87 post-test 34.86 4.70 Control pre-test 27.40 4.35 post-test 27.46 3.27 Sports participation motivation Experimental pre-test 49.40 6.37 post-test 69.46 9.07 Control pre-test 48.53 6.35 post-test 52.73 6.47 Checking the normality of the data. In this section, first, the normality of the data distribution was checked, and for this purpose, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. The basis of decision-making in this test is that if the significance level is greater than 0.05, with 95% confidence, the data distribution can be assumed to be normal and parametric tests can be used. Otherwise, non-parametric tests should be used. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test for the research variables are presented in the table below. Conclusion This study investigated the effect of game-based interventions on perceived motor competence and sports motivation in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Findings revealed that a six-week intervention significantly increased perceived motor competence. Enhanced movement experiences through play boost self-confidence and perceived ability, aligning with research by Pas et al. and Barnett et al. Results demonstrate that game-based programs, particularly combined exercises, effectively improve both motor skills and participation motivation. As gross motor development is crucial for an active lifestyle, structured programs focusing on fundamental movement skills are essential. Parents and educators should prioritize developing these skills in family and school environments. Furthermore, positive self-perception may enhance actual motor competence. Future studies should include long-term follow-ups and explore interventions in various school settings. Experts must prioritize motor competence development, as it forms the basis for physical literacy and future development in children with DC این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر مداخلات مبتنی بر بازی (شامل بازی‌های حرکتی هدفمند، گروهی و رشدی) بر بهبود شایستگی حرکتی ادراک‌شده و انگیزه برای مشارکت ورزشی در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال هماهنگی رشدی DCD انجام شد. روش‌شناسی: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه نیمه‌تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون و گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل 30 پسر 8 تا 10 ساله مبتلا به اختلال هماهنگی رشدی DCD در شهرستان میاندوآب بود که با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در یک گروه آزمایش (15 نفر) و یک گروه کنترل (15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. مداخلات مبتنی بر بازی برای گروه آزمایش به مدت 18 جلسه (شش هفته، سه جلسه 45 تا 60 دقیقه‌ای در هر هفته) اجرا شد. این مداخلات شامل بازی‌های حرکتی ساختاریافته مانند ایستگاه‌های چابکی و سرعت، بازی‌های رله طناب و مانع، غلت زدن به جلو، پرش سه‌گانه، بازی‌های چهار مربعی و دویدن‌های رله تک پا و دو پا بود که برای بهبود مهارت‌های حرکتی پایه، تعامل اجتماعی و لذت طراحی شده بودند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره (MANCOVA) ).تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مداخلات مبتنی بر بازی تأثیر معناداری بر بهبود شایستگی حرکتی ادراک‌شده داشته است. (p<0.05. همچنین انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی را در ابعاد جهت‌گیری گروهی، تخلیه انرژی، عوامل موقعیتی، دوستی و تفریح ​​و سرگرمی در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال هماهنگی رشدی افزایش داده است .(p<0.05)