Sport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Effect of selected visual and sport training program on visual skillsEffect of selected visual and sport training program on visual skills1532606FAElhamAzim ZadehAbdollahGhasemiAssistant professor of Research and Sciences Branch, Azad University0000-0001-7113-6894AminGholamiAssistant professor of sport sciences research Institute of Iran0000-0003-1915-3974Journal Article20150701The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of training visual and two different table tennis skills programs on some visual skills in male students. All of the participants completed the optometric screening tests and then were randomly assigned into four groups: 1: visual training &high toss service; 2: visual training & forehand drive; 3: visual training; 4: service & drive training. Before and after eight weeks subjects participated in some standard optometric tests. Mixed ANOVA 4 (group) * 2 (time) indicated that saccadic eye movements in the groups 1 & 2; facility of accommodation in the groups 2 & 3; visual reaction time in the groups 1, 2 & 3 and eye-hand coordination in the group 1 had more improvements after eight weeks (P<0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that exercising the sport skills won't be sufficient for enhancing their special visual skills. It seems that visual and sport training together will have the best results. As both the perceptual-motor and visual needs can be promoted.The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of training visual and two different table tennis skills programs on some visual skills in male students. All of the participants completed the optometric screening tests and then were randomly assigned into four groups: 1: visual training &high toss service; 2: visual training & forehand drive; 3: visual training; 4: service & drive training. Before and after eight weeks subjects participated in some standard optometric tests. Mixed ANOVA 4 (group) * 2 (time) indicated that saccadic eye movements in the groups 1 & 2; facility of accommodation in the groups 2 & 3; visual reaction time in the groups 1, 2 & 3 and eye-hand coordination in the group 1 had more improvements after eight weeks (P<0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that exercising the sport skills won't be sufficient for enhancing their special visual skills. It seems that visual and sport training together will have the best results. As both the perceptual-motor and visual needs can be promoted.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_606_44c4c17332cace2124a1a836d9fc4b6f.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220The role of sleep and wake on enhancement of implicit motor sequence in youthThe role of sleep and wake on enhancement of implicit motor sequence in youth3354607FAParvanehShamsipoor Dehkordi0000-0001-7750-5734BehroozAbdoliMahdiNamazi ZadehJournal Article20140122The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sleep and wake on implicit motor sequence consolidation. The statistical population of present research was female students in human science feilds of Shahid Beheshti University. The statistical sample of this study was 40 right-handed volunteer female students and randomly divided into two groups with distance of 10 minute and 48 hours in recall test. This research consisted of two phases of acquisition and retention. Alternating serial reaction time task with provide repeated and randomized sequences as an alternating method was used for this research. In acquisition period, all groups practiced the alternating serial reaction time task in each epoch. Data were analyzed with using the ANOVA repeated measure and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests. Results showed that in acquisition phase the group main effect and interaction effect between group and epoch were not significant (P>0.05). But epoch main effect was significant and practice lead to increasing difference of random and reaped sequence reaction time in fifth epoch related to other epochs. In recall phase, the epoch main effect and interactive effect between group and epoch were significant (P<0.05), but group main effect was not significant (P>0.05). All groups, in recall test, showed the better performance than acquisition phase. Practice in group with 48h offline lead to decrease the reaction time than other groups. On the other hand, the group with 48h recall lead to a significant decrease in reaction time mean (P<0.05). Our Results indicated that make offline period after sleep of night phase could be facilitated the implicit motor sequence consolidation.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sleep and wake on implicit motor sequence consolidation. The statistical population of present research was female students in human science feilds of Shahid Beheshti University. The statistical sample of this study was 40 right-handed volunteer female students and randomly divided into two groups with distance of 10 minute and 48 hours in recall test. This research consisted of two phases of acquisition and retention. Alternating serial reaction time task with provide repeated and randomized sequences as an alternating method was used for this research. In acquisition period, all groups practiced the alternating serial reaction time task in each epoch. Data were analyzed with using the ANOVA repeated measure and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests. Results showed that in acquisition phase the group main effect and interaction effect between group and epoch were not significant (P>0.05). But epoch main effect was significant and practice lead to increasing difference of random and reaped sequence reaction time in fifth epoch related to other epochs. In recall phase, the epoch main effect and interactive effect between group and epoch were significant (P<0.05), but group main effect was not significant (P>0.05). All groups, in recall test, showed the better performance than acquisition phase. Practice in group with 48h offline lead to decrease the reaction time than other groups. On the other hand, the group with 48h recall lead to a significant decrease in reaction time mean (P<0.05). Our Results indicated that make offline period after sleep of night phase could be facilitated the implicit motor sequence consolidation.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_607_dc82d632c9fcecb0778afbc7924494a6.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220The effect of systemic administration of insulin on spatial memory and learning in male ratsThe effect of systemic administration of insulin on spatial memory and learning in male rats5570608FAAhmadRahmaniNaserNaghdiJavadSalehiAliGorziJournal Article20150208Thus the aim of the current study was to determine whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of insulin improves the water maze motor performance of the rats. Forty male wistar rats were randomly assigned to for groups (each 10 rats). Insulin was injected (0, 1, 6, and 12 U/Kg) once daily for one week. Animals training and testing were conducted using the Morris water maze. Data analyzed using split plot ANOVA (SPANOVA). Results showed significant main effect of time for distance and escape latency in acquisition stage (P<0.001). Also, intraperitoneal injection of insulin, without any significant effect on serum glucose levels, significantly reduced distance moved (P<0.001) and escape latency (P=0.004). Moreover, in retention test, insulin reduced escape latency to hidden platform in a dose dependent manner (dose 12 & 1 U/Kg). Therefore, peripheral administration of insulin has central effects and can enhance motor performance via improvement of spatial learning and memory. Thus the aim of the current study was to determine whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of insulin improves the water maze motor performance of the rats. Forty male wistar rats were randomly assigned to for groups (each 10 rats). Insulin was injected (0, 1, 6, and 12 U/Kg) once daily for one week. Animals training and testing were conducted using the Morris water maze. Data analyzed using split plot ANOVA (SPANOVA). Results showed significant main effect of time for distance and escape latency in acquisition stage (P<0.001). Also, intraperitoneal injection of insulin, without any significant effect on serum glucose levels, significantly reduced distance moved (P<0.001) and escape latency (P=0.004). Moreover, in retention test, insulin reduced escape latency to hidden platform in a dose dependent manner (dose 12 & 1 U/Kg). Therefore, peripheral administration of insulin has central effects and can enhance motor performance via improvement of spatial learning and memory. https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_608_996a7fa078cc36c46d02f9af3bef918b.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Compare the performance of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during learning stages of volleyball Hammer serving skillCompare the performance of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during learning stages of volleyball Hammer serving skill7186609FAShahramNazarpoori0000-0002-6491-8510SaeedArshamRahmanBagherniaJournal Article20150228The purpose of this study was to compare the skill performance levels of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during cognitive, motor and automatic learning stages of volleyball Hammer serving skill. The research population included 1545 15-17-year-old students of Aleshtar city. Using a multi-stage random sampling method 60 students was selected as the sample group. A 36 training sessions were conducted; Finally, Subjects reached a performance plateau in doing 3600-trail practices in volleyball Hammer serving skill. The data collecting tools were Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, ocular dominance Testing Card, and AAHPERD Volleyball Serving Skill Test. The Co-variance and Variance Analysis test at a significance level of p=0.05 was used for statistical data analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between performance level of ipsilateral and contralateral subjects at cognitive and motor learning stages (P≤0.001), while this difference diminished at autonomic stage (P=0.178), which was not significant. Separation of temporary effect of performance and constant effect of learning are important interpretations of these results. Finally, Practice as an important environmental factor can lead to consistency the skill performance levels of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during the learning process.The purpose of this study was to compare the skill performance levels of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during cognitive, motor and automatic learning stages of volleyball Hammer serving skill. The research population included 1545 15-17-year-old students of Aleshtar city. Using a multi-stage random sampling method 60 students was selected as the sample group. A 36 training sessions were conducted; Finally, Subjects reached a performance plateau in doing 3600-trail practices in volleyball Hammer serving skill. The data collecting tools were Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, ocular dominance Testing Card, and AAHPERD Volleyball Serving Skill Test. The Co-variance and Variance Analysis test at a significance level of p=0.05 was used for statistical data analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between performance level of ipsilateral and contralateral subjects at cognitive and motor learning stages (P≤0.001), while this difference diminished at autonomic stage (P=0.178), which was not significant. Separation of temporary effect of performance and constant effect of learning are important interpretations of these results. Finally, Practice as an important environmental factor can lead to consistency the skill performance levels of subjects with ipsilateral and contralateral dominant hands and eyes during the learning process.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_609_d7a728a67d909e714c0774e22cb806f2.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Effects of cognitive training on freezing of gait and some of its cognitive functions on old parkinson disease patientsEffects of cognitive training on freezing of gait and some of its cognitive functions on old parkinson disease patients87108610FAMehdiZameni MotlaghMaryamNezakat-Alhosseini0000-0002-4603-7947HamidSalehiAhmadCHitsazJournal Article20150316The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training on freezing of gait and related cognitive functions (executive functions and memory quotient) in patients with Parkinson's disease. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre- and post-test design and a control group. The participants were a number of 14 Parkinson's disease patients (mean age 60.21±10.92 years) with freezing of gait (2-5 Hohn and Yahr scale) who were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental (4 males and 3 females) and control (5 males and 2 females) groups. The experimental group received 8 weeks of cognitive training. Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Tower of London Test, and Wechsler Memory Scale were used to collect data on freezing of gate, executive functions, and memory quotient. A Covariance analysis and Multivariate ANOVA (α = 0.05) were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that cognitive training had significantly reduced freezing of gate scores and increased executive functions and memory quotient scores for the experimental group compared with the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive training can be an appropriate training method to help improve freezing of gait, executive functions, and memory quotient in individuals with freezing of gait.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training on freezing of gait and related cognitive functions (executive functions and memory quotient) in patients with Parkinson's disease. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre- and post-test design and a control group. The participants were a number of 14 Parkinson's disease patients (mean age 60.21±10.92 years) with freezing of gait (2-5 Hohn and Yahr scale) who were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental (4 males and 3 females) and control (5 males and 2 females) groups. The experimental group received 8 weeks of cognitive training. Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Tower of London Test, and Wechsler Memory Scale were used to collect data on freezing of gate, executive functions, and memory quotient. A Covariance analysis and Multivariate ANOVA (α = 0.05) were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that cognitive training had significantly reduced freezing of gate scores and increased executive functions and memory quotient scores for the experimental group compared with the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive training can be an appropriate training method to help improve freezing of gait, executive functions, and memory quotient in individuals with freezing of gait.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_610_00ac8ed3b4327bdd4ebbebcb2ba10a00.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220The combination effect of action observation, motor imagery and physical training differences methods on stability of in-phase and anti-phase movementsThe combination effect of action observation, motor imagery and physical training differences methods on stability of in-phase and anti-phase movements109130620FARobabehMohajeriPounehMokhtariAmirShams0000-0001-9931-9158Journal Article20150422The purpose of this research was to examine the combination effect of action observation, motor imagery and physical training differences methods on stability of in-phase and anti-phase movements. The statistical sample included 64 girl students in physical education field with age range of 20-28 years old. Subjects were divided randomly in four experimental groups (action observation-physical training, physical training-motor imagery, action observation-motor imagery and physical training) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The training protocol was consisted 3 stages such as pre-training (pre-test), training and Execution (post-test) Stages. Results showed that the action observation– physical training combination group in both in-phase and anti-phase movements has better performance than other groups (P<0.001). Furthermore, the physical training – motor imagery combination group has better performance than physical training and action observation- motor imagery combination groups (P<0.05). Based on present research results could be recommended to coaches that used the action observation– physical training combination method for learning of these motor skills types.The purpose of this research was to examine the combination effect of action observation, motor imagery and physical training differences methods on stability of in-phase and anti-phase movements. The statistical sample included 64 girl students in physical education field with age range of 20-28 years old. Subjects were divided randomly in four experimental groups (action observation-physical training, physical training-motor imagery, action observation-motor imagery and physical training) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The training protocol was consisted 3 stages such as pre-training (pre-test), training and Execution (post-test) Stages. Results showed that the action observation– physical training combination group in both in-phase and anti-phase movements has better performance than other groups (P<0.001). Furthermore, the physical training – motor imagery combination group has better performance than physical training and action observation- motor imagery combination groups (P<0.05). Based on present research results could be recommended to coaches that used the action observation– physical training combination method for learning of these motor skills types.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_620_b73dfe25b4b8714c029b37a6ad3006fa.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Effect of external and internal focus of attention instructions in field dependence and independence on performance and learning of dart throwingEffect of external and internal focus of attention instructions in field dependence and independence on performance and learning of dart throwing131148611FAHosnaAziziFatemehHoseini0000-0002-6640-4644Journal Article20150510The aim of present study was to examine effect of external and internal focus of attention instructions in field dependence and independence on performance and learning of motor skill dart throwing. For this purpose, The Group Embedded Figure Test were distributed Among 112 right-handed healthy female students from Urmia University between ages 24-26 years who had no experienced in skill dart throwing. On the basis of the test results participants were assigned in to four groups homogeneously field independence with internal focus of attention instructions, field dependence with internal focus of attention instructions, field independence with external focus of attention instructions and field dependence with external focus of attention instructions were given. The participants practice dart throwing task for three sessions and each session five tries 6 each, with instructions to focus on their group practice. Immediately after the acquisition, as well as pre-test, (a group ten tries) the post-test and then with an interval of 48 hours without any instructions retention test were performed. Using two-way ANOVA showed that the main effects and interaction were not significant in post-test (P>0.05). Comparison of the mean retention groups using two-way ANOVA showed significant differences (P<0.05). For investigate the interaction, Bonferroni correction was used independent t-test. Significant differences between the results of two independent/ dependent field with internal focus of attention, significant difference between the two groups is also, dependent on the different internal and external focus (P<0.012). The overall result of this research can be stated that the external focus of attention benefit to learner’s field depending and the internal focus of attention is advantage for independent learners.The aim of present study was to examine effect of external and internal focus of attention instructions in field dependence and independence on performance and learning of motor skill dart throwing. For this purpose, The Group Embedded Figure Test were distributed Among 112 right-handed healthy female students from Urmia University between ages 24-26 years who had no experienced in skill dart throwing. On the basis of the test results participants were assigned in to four groups homogeneously field independence with internal focus of attention instructions, field dependence with internal focus of attention instructions, field independence with external focus of attention instructions and field dependence with external focus of attention instructions were given. The participants practice dart throwing task for three sessions and each session five tries 6 each, with instructions to focus on their group practice. Immediately after the acquisition, as well as pre-test, (a group ten tries) the post-test and then with an interval of 48 hours without any instructions retention test were performed. Using two-way ANOVA showed that the main effects and interaction were not significant in post-test (P>0.05). Comparison of the mean retention groups using two-way ANOVA showed significant differences (P<0.05). For investigate the interaction, Bonferroni correction was used independent t-test. Significant differences between the results of two independent/ dependent field with internal focus of attention, significant difference between the two groups is also, dependent on the different internal and external focus (P<0.012). The overall result of this research can be stated that the external focus of attention benefit to learner’s field depending and the internal focus of attention is advantage for independent learners.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_611_8ebda540cbcc4d7336496819a46a1b68.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Effects of a period of selected training program on the working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorderEffects of a period of selected training program on the working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder149162612FAMozhganMemarmoghaddam0000-0002-8655-1481Hamid RezaTaheri0000-0002-0878-604XMehdiSohrabiAliMashhadiAliKashi0000-0003-1125-9125Journal Article20150606The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected training program on working memory of children with ADHD. The participants were 40 male students, aged 7-11 years, selected from area 6 of Mashhad’s primary schools. SNAP–IV, CBCL and clinical interviews were employed to diagnose ADHD. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group participated in a selected training program (including perceptual - motor trainings and aerobic trainings) for 24 sessions, 90 minutes per session. The control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the exercise period, all participants were assessed with Digit Span from the Wechsler and Corsi block tapping tests, and the resulting data were analyzed using MANCOVA. The results showed that, Verbal Memory of the children in the experimental group, as assessed by a Digit Span from the Wechsler test, was significantly different compared with the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the Corsi block tapping test (P<0.05). Therefore, the selected training program helps to improve working memory in children with ADHD.The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected training program on working memory of children with ADHD. The participants were 40 male students, aged 7-11 years, selected from area 6 of Mashhad’s primary schools. SNAP–IV, CBCL and clinical interviews were employed to diagnose ADHD. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group participated in a selected training program (including perceptual - motor trainings and aerobic trainings) for 24 sessions, 90 minutes per session. The control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the exercise period, all participants were assessed with Digit Span from the Wechsler and Corsi block tapping tests, and the resulting data were analyzed using MANCOVA. The results showed that, Verbal Memory of the children in the experimental group, as assessed by a Digit Span from the Wechsler test, was significantly different compared with the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the Corsi block tapping test (P<0.05). Therefore, the selected training program helps to improve working memory in children with ADHD.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_612_f76a89f0cb91bc419542ce9fa43902dc.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X72220160220Effects of selected aerobic activities on body self-concept of women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomyEffects of selected aerobic activities on body self-concept of women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomy163176613FAElhamTalebiAhmadrezaMovahediUniversity of Isfahan0000-0002-2313-4752Ali RezaAmooheydariElahehTalebiJournal Article20150804Self-concept is an important psychological construct that is progressively weakened in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post Mastectomy. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of selected aerobic exercises on body self-concept of women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post Mastectomy. The method of study was quasi-experimental with pre-post tests and control-experimental group. Participants were 40 women with breast cancer, whom were divided to two groups following body self-concept test. Participants of the experimental group took part in aerobic exercise program for 25 sessions, 20-30 minutes in each session. Following the experimental period, both groups took the body self-concept test. To analyze data, independent t test (P<0.05) was used. Body self-concept and its subscales showed improvement across the experimental period in the exercise group compared to the control group. According to the findings of our study, it has been demonstrated that selected aerobic exercises have positive effects on improvement of body self-concept in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomy. Physiotherapists of the clinical centers are recommended to use the selected aerobic exercises to help women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomy improve their mental health specifically their body self-concept.Self-concept is an important psychological construct that is progressively weakened in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post Mastectomy. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of selected aerobic exercises on body self-concept of women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post Mastectomy. The method of study was quasi-experimental with pre-post tests and control-experimental group. Participants were 40 women with breast cancer, whom were divided to two groups following body self-concept test. Participants of the experimental group took part in aerobic exercise program for 25 sessions, 20-30 minutes in each session. Following the experimental period, both groups took the body self-concept test. To analyze data, independent t test (P<0.05) was used. Body self-concept and its subscales showed improvement across the experimental period in the exercise group compared to the control group. According to the findings of our study, it has been demonstrated that selected aerobic exercises have positive effects on improvement of body self-concept in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomy. Physiotherapists of the clinical centers are recommended to use the selected aerobic exercises to help women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post mastectomy improve their mental health specifically their body self-concept.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_613_f29c21d4897f78948b91f03172341b7b.pdf