Sport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822Effect of Observing Different Kinds of Information during Observational LearningEffect of Observing Different Kinds of Information during Observational Learning173875410.22089/mbj.2016.754FADavoudFazeli0000-0001-6716-8156AlirezaFarsi0000-0002-2086-6632BehroozAbdoli0000-0001-6772-2428Journal Article20150210The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observing different kinds of information during observational learning. The population of this research were all male student in Shahid Beheshti University (2010- 2011) that 24 right handed of them were selected as available sample that had no formal experience in the throwing tasks. This study was quasi-experimental and participants were divided randomly into three groups according to the films they observed. The first group observed the full body, the second group observed the throwing arm, and the third group just observed the wrist of the hand. Participant completed 20 trials as acquisition and 24 hours after that were recruited to laboratory again and completed 5 trials as retention. After this period there was a period as re-acquisition that all participants observed the full body information. Movement accuracy, intra- limb coordination and the difference of maximum speed of wrist from the model was calculated. The results of this study showed that the Full body group was better than two other groups in movement accuracy but in learning of movement pattern it was weaker than two other groups. However, there was not a difference between throwing arm group and wrist group. Also, there was not a significant difference between groups in maximum speed difference. Generally, the results showed that in some situation observing the relative information of full body is not useful, and even in relation to other kinds of information (restricted relative information or absolute information) will result in a fewer learning. It may be showing the relative information of full body results in that observer ignores the movement pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observing different kinds of information during observational learning. The population of this research were all male student in Shahid Beheshti University (2010- 2011) that 24 right handed of them were selected as available sample that had no formal experience in the throwing tasks. This study was quasi-experimental and participants were divided randomly into three groups according to the films they observed. The first group observed the full body, the second group observed the throwing arm, and the third group just observed the wrist of the hand. Participant completed 20 trials as acquisition and 24 hours after that were recruited to laboratory again and completed 5 trials as retention. After this period there was a period as re-acquisition that all participants observed the full body information. Movement accuracy, intra- limb coordination and the difference of maximum speed of wrist from the model was calculated. The results of this study showed that the Full body group was better than two other groups in movement accuracy but in learning of movement pattern it was weaker than two other groups. However, there was not a difference between throwing arm group and wrist group. Also, there was not a significant difference between groups in maximum speed difference. Generally, the results showed that in some situation observing the relative information of full body is not useful, and even in relation to other kinds of information (restricted relative information or absolute information) will result in a fewer learning. It may be showing the relative information of full body results in that observer ignores the movement pattern. https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_754_872488f88d1b2db54d55bc8bba2fad1b.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The effect of focus of attention via verbal instructions on quickness of elite athletesThe effect of focus of attention via verbal instructions on quickness of elite athletes395275510.22089/mbj.2016.755FAFarhadGhadiriAssistant Professor,
Kharazmi University, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science0000-0002-1884-4899MohammadYousefiMS.c Kharazmi University, Department of Physical Education & Sport ScienceAbbasBahramProfessor, Kharazmi University, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science0000-0003-3430-4777Journal Article20150228The aim of present study was to compare the effects of different focus of attention instructions on quickness performance of elite futsalist. Participants included 12 elite futsalist (mean age 23.9 ± 1.56) that were selected by convenience sampling method from first Division Qom province. In this study, the quickness test of 20 and 40 yards were used. Participants were asked to attempt the test given under three instructional conditions of attention focus (the internal, external and control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for analysis of data. The results showed a significant effects of the type of attention and this effect was different in two tests (P<0.05). Post hoc tests showed that at 20 yards, subjects in the control condition had a better performance than under the external focus. In the 40 yard test, performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal and control conditions. The results show distance of running has significant effects on effectiveness of focus of attention in elite athletes.The aim of present study was to compare the effects of different focus of attention instructions on quickness performance of elite futsalist. Participants included 12 elite futsalist (mean age 23.9 ± 1.56) that were selected by convenience sampling method from first Division Qom province. In this study, the quickness test of 20 and 40 yards were used. Participants were asked to attempt the test given under three instructional conditions of attention focus (the internal, external and control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for analysis of data. The results showed a significant effects of the type of attention and this effect was different in two tests (P<0.05). Post hoc tests showed that at 20 yards, subjects in the control condition had a better performance than under the external focus. In the 40 yard test, performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal and control conditions. The results show distance of running has significant effects on effectiveness of focus of attention in elite athletes.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_755_ccb0989662211f61edae2e26d58ea92f.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The Effect & Survival of Core Stability Short Term Training on Static & Dynamic Balance in Children with delay in development of BalanceThe Effect & Survival of Core Stability Short Term Training on Static & Dynamic Balance in Children with delay in development of Balance537275610.22089/mbj.2016.756FARobabehRostamiMortezaHabibian DehkordiMajidChardah CherikJournal Article20150413The purpose of this research was to examine the permanency and effect of core stability short term training on static and dynamic balance in children with development of balance. To conduct this study, 30 male students with mean age 8.5 year from the first grade of primary school were selected among 162 students through Bruininks- Oseretsky motor skill test (BOT-2) and then they were random assignment into two groups (experimental and control groups, each group (15 subjects). The control group has traditional sport training class. Before performing the core stability training, the static and dynamic balances of participants were measured by "Romberg" and Y- Balance. The experimental group performed the core stability training for eight weeks, and then they stopped training for four weeks, after that study variable were measured again. The findings were analyzed by one- way analysis of Covariance method. Findings indicated a significant effect of core stability training on balance in experimental group. Respect to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the core stability training programs has a short time and longtime effect on the children's motor performance. One of the suggestions of this research is that core stability training be used to enhance motor capability of children, specially balancing.The purpose of this research was to examine the permanency and effect of core stability short term training on static and dynamic balance in children with development of balance. To conduct this study, 30 male students with mean age 8.5 year from the first grade of primary school were selected among 162 students through Bruininks- Oseretsky motor skill test (BOT-2) and then they were random assignment into two groups (experimental and control groups, each group (15 subjects). The control group has traditional sport training class. Before performing the core stability training, the static and dynamic balances of participants were measured by "Romberg" and Y- Balance. The experimental group performed the core stability training for eight weeks, and then they stopped training for four weeks, after that study variable were measured again. The findings were analyzed by one- way analysis of Covariance method. Findings indicated a significant effect of core stability training on balance in experimental group. Respect to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the core stability training programs has a short time and longtime effect on the children's motor performance. One of the suggestions of this research is that core stability training be used to enhance motor capability of children, specially balancing.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_756_2823f4797102ce1a1aec05359cc16dd9.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822Cognition, Balance and Gait in Elderly with Dementia: a Motor Cognitive Approach to Reducing Risk of FallingCognition, Balance and Gait in Elderly with Dementia: a Motor Cognitive Approach to Reducing Risk of Falling739475710.22089/mbj.2016.757FAAliHeiraniAmirVazini TaherMohammad TaghiAghdasiNaserBehpoorJournal Article20150801The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive motor training on improvement of cognition, balance and gait which has already introduced as risk factors of falling. Three month motor cognitive intervention with two month follow up was applied on 40 elderly divided into two groups: elderly with dementia (20) and cognitively healthy elderly (20). Half of this sample were males and the other half were females. Evaluations included fall risk factors (gait, balance and cognitive state), as well as falling parameters and functional indexes. Subjects had significant improvement in different parameters of cognition, balance and gait after intervention which was maintained in 2 month follow up. These improvements was followed by decreased rate of fall, fear of fall and also enhanced performance in TUG and FR (P<0/05). There was also moderate correlation between a balance parameter (sway distance of COP in AP axis) and fall history in dementia group (r=0/75, p<0/05). Findings demonstrated significant decrease in fall risk among this vulnerable population due to improvement of fall risk factors after intervention. The improvements in these factors were along with less fall rates reported by both nurses and participants. This study can help to develop a new approach to prevention and coping with fall risk in elderly with cognitive impairment.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive motor training on improvement of cognition, balance and gait which has already introduced as risk factors of falling. Three month motor cognitive intervention with two month follow up was applied on 40 elderly divided into two groups: elderly with dementia (20) and cognitively healthy elderly (20). Half of this sample were males and the other half were females. Evaluations included fall risk factors (gait, balance and cognitive state), as well as falling parameters and functional indexes. Subjects had significant improvement in different parameters of cognition, balance and gait after intervention which was maintained in 2 month follow up. These improvements was followed by decreased rate of fall, fear of fall and also enhanced performance in TUG and FR (P<0/05). There was also moderate correlation between a balance parameter (sway distance of COP in AP axis) and fall history in dementia group (r=0/75, p<0/05). Findings demonstrated significant decrease in fall risk among this vulnerable population due to improvement of fall risk factors after intervention. The improvements in these factors were along with less fall rates reported by both nurses and participants. This study can help to develop a new approach to prevention and coping with fall risk in elderly with cognitive impairment.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_757_470e7a4f017a5476afb7eeb3f8b96f9b.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The Effects of Instructions Attention Focus Internal and External on Learning Protection Dynamic Balance in Children with Mental RetardationThe Effects of Instructions Attention Focus Internal and External on Learning Protection Dynamic Balance in Children with Mental Retardation9511077810.22089/mbj.2016.778FAMohsenShahriyariSomayehBazoobandSeyedeh NahidShetab BooshehriJournal Article20150723The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect instructions attention focus internal and external (far and near) on learning protection dynamic balance in educable children with mental retardation. Semi-experimental method of study and population included all student’s children with mental retardation at special school’s district 2 of Ahvaz city that in years 1393-94 studying, constituted (N=169). Objective sampling included 40 subjects’ students’ children 8-12 years old they were selected, and randomly divided into four groups (internal focus,near external focus, far external focus and control). The task required participants to stand on a force platform. Subjects after participating in the pre-test practiced in three sessions and each session 15 attempts for the maintain balance on balancing machine and after 48 hours were participated in the retention test. ANOVA test results showed a significant difference between groups in of test. In addition, both the far external focus condition continued to demonstrate increases in balance performance. (P<0.05). The considering results this study, it is suggested to improve the balance skills in children with mental retardation, the used of instructions external focus attention far.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect instructions attention focus internal and external (far and near) on learning protection dynamic balance in educable children with mental retardation. Semi-experimental method of study and population included all student’s children with mental retardation at special school’s district 2 of Ahvaz city that in years 1393-94 studying, constituted (N=169). Objective sampling included 40 subjects’ students’ children 8-12 years old they were selected, and randomly divided into four groups (internal focus,near external focus, far external focus and control). The task required participants to stand on a force platform. Subjects after participating in the pre-test practiced in three sessions and each session 15 attempts for the maintain balance on balancing machine and after 48 hours were participated in the retention test. ANOVA test results showed a significant difference between groups in of test. In addition, both the far external focus condition continued to demonstrate increases in balance performance. (P<0.05). The considering results this study, it is suggested to improve the balance skills in children with mental retardation, the used of instructions external focus attention far.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_778_e07413354875be01a996dc560274708e.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822Validity and Reliability of Farsi Translated of "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised"Validity and Reliability of Farsi Translated of "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised"11113275810.22089/mbj.2016.758FADarushKhajavi0000-0001-5778-5089GhobadMehrabianJournal Article20150909One of the dark aspects of physical activity is exercise dependence. The study performed to validate the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". Population was participants in physical activities in Kermanshah city that exercised with two purposes: athletic and sport for all. Samples were 307 participants selected availably that 155 participants (50.5%) were male and 152 participants (49.5%) were women. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and Symons Downs, Hausenblas, & Nigg's "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". For data analysis mean and SD calculated and for construct validity (factorial) examination confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha used for test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation, respectively. <br />Finding of RMSEA was .039 that was under .05. CFI and TLI/NNFI measures were .95 and .93, respectively. According the results, goodness of fit measures of second-order of "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised" was acceptable and supported 7-factor and 21-item structure of original questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed test-retest reliability of the scale (.94) and Cronbach's alpha for Scale was .96 that confirmed validity and reliability of the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". The scale can be used with clinical, educational and research purposes. <br /><br />One of the dark aspects of physical activity is exercise dependence. The study performed to validate the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". Population was participants in physical activities in Kermanshah city that exercised with two purposes: athletic and sport for all. Samples were 307 participants selected availably that 155 participants (50.5%) were male and 152 participants (49.5%) were women. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and Symons Downs, Hausenblas, & Nigg's "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". For data analysis mean and SD calculated and for construct validity (factorial) examination confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha used for test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation, respectively. <br />Finding of RMSEA was .039 that was under .05. CFI and TLI/NNFI measures were .95 and .93, respectively. According the results, goodness of fit measures of second-order of "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised" was acceptable and supported 7-factor and 21-item structure of original questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed test-retest reliability of the scale (.94) and Cronbach's alpha for Scale was .96 that confirmed validity and reliability of the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". The scale can be used with clinical, educational and research purposes. <br /><br />https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_758_bf62768ca46b6c3b5bea9515d1a1fc45.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The effect of change in different characteristics in movements of two hands on transfer of asymmetrical bimanual movement to its converse patternThe effect of change in different characteristics in movements of two hands on transfer of asymmetrical bimanual movement to its converse pattern13315275910.22089/mbj.2016.759FAMohammad RezaDoostan0000-0003-1581-5408MehdiNamazi Zadeh0000-0002-1503-468xMahmoodSheykhNaserNaghdiJournal Article20150915The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effect of changes in different characteristics in movements of two hands on transfer of asymmetrical bimanual movement to its converse pattern, and effector-independent hypothesis from motor memory was investigated.<br />The instrument used in this study included pen Mouse, laptop, special glove and metronome. The subjects of the research were right-handed male students. Thirty right-handed subjects participated in the experiment, that practiced asymetrical bimanual coordination task In three groups. The movement patterns of two hands were different from each other in motor features (Group 1:The effect of gravity, Group 2:velocity pattern, 3:amplitude of movement). Each of the test groups after the practice run for four days and then tests were performed.<br />The results showed that when asymmetries in two hands that perform the bimanual movement is the effect of gravity on hands, transfer to vice versa pattern is positive. However, when the difference is in velocity pattern there is a positive transition and the transition is zero, and when the two hands movement patterns are different in amplitude of movement, transfer was negative.<br />The research shows that in terms of the differences in the pattern of asymmetric of two hands is controlled in what level of the hierarchy of nervous system, it is possible that bimanual movement transfer to reverse pattern or not. It can be concluded that the effector-independent hypothesis from motor memory in bimanual movement coordination depends on difference between the two hands special features,Soneed for revision.The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effect of changes in different characteristics in movements of two hands on transfer of asymmetrical bimanual movement to its converse pattern, and effector-independent hypothesis from motor memory was investigated.<br />The instrument used in this study included pen Mouse, laptop, special glove and metronome. The subjects of the research were right-handed male students. Thirty right-handed subjects participated in the experiment, that practiced asymetrical bimanual coordination task In three groups. The movement patterns of two hands were different from each other in motor features (Group 1:The effect of gravity, Group 2:velocity pattern, 3:amplitude of movement). Each of the test groups after the practice run for four days and then tests were performed.<br />The results showed that when asymmetries in two hands that perform the bimanual movement is the effect of gravity on hands, transfer to vice versa pattern is positive. However, when the difference is in velocity pattern there is a positive transition and the transition is zero, and when the two hands movement patterns are different in amplitude of movement, transfer was negative.<br />The research shows that in terms of the differences in the pattern of asymmetric of two hands is controlled in what level of the hierarchy of nervous system, it is possible that bimanual movement transfer to reverse pattern or not. It can be concluded that the effector-independent hypothesis from motor memory in bimanual movement coordination depends on difference between the two hands special features,Soneed for revision.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_759_fa14d4fe2f19414de3ebd9f63d5c0169.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822Effects of Different Variations of Physical Practice and Mental Imagery on Shoulder Joint Degree of Freedom (range of motion) of Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy Post Radical MastectomyEffects of Different Variations of Physical Practice and Mental Imagery on Shoulder Joint Degree of Freedom (range of motion) of Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy Post Radical Mastectomy15317276010.22089/mbj.2016.760FAElahehTalebiAhmadrezaMovahedi0000-0002-2313-4752AlirezaAmooheidariElhamTalebiJournal Article20150926The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical practice, mental practice and a combination of physical and mental practice on shoulder joint degree of freedom (range of motion) in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post radical Mastectomy. Participants were 40 women with breast cancer in Isfahan Milad hospital whom were divided into four groups: physical practice, mental practice, combination of physical and mental practice and control. Participants of the experimental groups exercised for 25 sessions, 30 minutes in each session. We took shoulder joint range of motion test at pre-intervention and post-intervention. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA was used. Results showed between groups difference in shoulder joint degree of freedom. Physical practice resulted in improvement of all shoulder joint range of motion except adduction; the mental practice led to improvement of all of range of motion except adduction and internal rotation. The combination practice improved all of the measured variables. The effect of physical practice was found to be better than mental practice in flexion, extension, abduction and external rotation. Combination practice was better than physical practice in internal rotation. Combination practice was better than mental practice in all variables. In medical centers, the combination of physical and mental practice can be used to help women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy radical mastectomy for improving shoulder joint range of motion.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical practice, mental practice and a combination of physical and mental practice on shoulder joint degree of freedom (range of motion) in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy post radical Mastectomy. Participants were 40 women with breast cancer in Isfahan Milad hospital whom were divided into four groups: physical practice, mental practice, combination of physical and mental practice and control. Participants of the experimental groups exercised for 25 sessions, 30 minutes in each session. We took shoulder joint range of motion test at pre-intervention and post-intervention. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA was used. Results showed between groups difference in shoulder joint degree of freedom. Physical practice resulted in improvement of all shoulder joint range of motion except adduction; the mental practice led to improvement of all of range of motion except adduction and internal rotation. The combination practice improved all of the measured variables. The effect of physical practice was found to be better than mental practice in flexion, extension, abduction and external rotation. Combination practice was better than physical practice in internal rotation. Combination practice was better than mental practice in all variables. In medical centers, the combination of physical and mental practice can be used to help women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy radical mastectomy for improving shoulder joint range of motion.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_760_2ca65f58e35d9ad45bf7f3ae5cfd08f1.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The effect of IntraProtaneal injection of insulin in lactation period on acquisition and spatial memory of infantsThe effect of IntraProtaneal injection of insulin in lactation period on acquisition and spatial memory of infants17318876110.22089/mbj.2016.761FAMortezaTaheriJournal Article20151004The purpose of this study was to investigate The effect of maternal IntraProtaneal injection of insulin on offspring's’ spatial learning and memory. The research method was experimental. The pregnant Albino-Wistar rats were chosen. The vaginal plug appearance was considered as zero day of pregnancy. insulin injection was started from 1st to 7th day. After lactation (22nd day), the infants were separated from their mothers. Then, the acquisition and spatial memory were evaluated in 56th day in Morris Water Maze. ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. The results suggested that Insulin group had a better performance in both acquisition and spatial memory in Time and distance parameters compared to Salin and control groups (p<0.05). The findings demonstrated that increased insulin of lactation with optimal nutrients may lead to thoroughly development of different systems such as central nervous system. Conclusively, it can be stated that insulin may be effective peripherally in transferring generation effects.The purpose of this study was to investigate The effect of maternal IntraProtaneal injection of insulin on offspring's’ spatial learning and memory. The research method was experimental. The pregnant Albino-Wistar rats were chosen. The vaginal plug appearance was considered as zero day of pregnancy. insulin injection was started from 1st to 7th day. After lactation (22nd day), the infants were separated from their mothers. Then, the acquisition and spatial memory were evaluated in 56th day in Morris Water Maze. ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. The results suggested that Insulin group had a better performance in both acquisition and spatial memory in Time and distance parameters compared to Salin and control groups (p<0.05). The findings demonstrated that increased insulin of lactation with optimal nutrients may lead to thoroughly development of different systems such as central nervous system. Conclusively, it can be stated that insulin may be effective peripherally in transferring generation effects.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_761_88ae6372cfdc5df69a976e893f4d554b.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X82420160822The Effect of Selected Rainbow Parachute Games on Motor and Social Development of Pre-school ChildrenThe Effect of Selected Rainbow Parachute Games on Motor and Social Development of Pre-school Children18920479110.22089/mbj.2016.791FAAminGholami0000-0003-1915-3974MasoomehAbani AraniAbdollahGhasemi0000-0001-7113-6894BahramGhafariJournal Article20160117The present study aimed to determine the effect of selected Rainbow parachute games on motor and social development of children. 20 pre-school children (5-6 years old) from Aran and Bidgol<strong> City </strong>(Isfahan, Iran) were randomly selected and divided into two 10-person experimental and control groups. Test of gross motor development (Ulrich Test) and Vineland social maturity questionnaire were used to assess the motor and social development, respectively. Running pretest, the experimental group played selected parachute games for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week). The Rainbow parachute which is a round and colored play tools is made of light weight nylon fabric. At the end of the play sessions, pretests were re-performed in both experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, Shapiro-Wilk test and Levin tests by statistical package of SPSS (version 17) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that selected parachute games significantly affected running, galloping and leaping skills from the locomotor subscale of the test of gross motor development as well as social skills (P>0.05). However, the results showed non-significant effect on hopping, sliding, and horizontal jump from locomotor subscale and object control skills (P<0.05). In conclusion, teachers of kindergartens and preschools can use the parachute games to improve some locomotor skills and social development of children. The present study aimed to determine the effect of selected Rainbow parachute games on motor and social development of children. 20 pre-school children (5-6 years old) from Aran and Bidgol<strong> City </strong>(Isfahan, Iran) were randomly selected and divided into two 10-person experimental and control groups. Test of gross motor development (Ulrich Test) and Vineland social maturity questionnaire were used to assess the motor and social development, respectively. Running pretest, the experimental group played selected parachute games for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week). The Rainbow parachute which is a round and colored play tools is made of light weight nylon fabric. At the end of the play sessions, pretests were re-performed in both experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, Shapiro-Wilk test and Levin tests by statistical package of SPSS (version 17) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that selected parachute games significantly affected running, galloping and leaping skills from the locomotor subscale of the test of gross motor development as well as social skills (P>0.05). However, the results showed non-significant effect on hopping, sliding, and horizontal jump from locomotor subscale and object control skills (P<0.05). In conclusion, teachers of kindergartens and preschools can use the parachute games to improve some locomotor skills and social development of children. https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_791_df7f28ac89ca37bf1abd2f6c184fe1cf.pdf