Sport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Summer 2014Summer 2014121858FAJournal Article20150124https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_58_66f041e16a60928b05a7e228a89c3799.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723The effect of water-based exercise programs and KSD protocol on general health questionnaire and optimal physical fitness factors affecting female elders balanceThe effect of water-based exercise programs and KSD protocol on general health questionnaire and optimal physical fitness factors affecting female elders balance1528268FAJournal Article20130924The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of water-based exercise programs and KSD protocol for general health questionnaire and optimal physical fitness factors affecting female elders balance.(KSD as a kind of relaxation exercise has been frequently used in eastern Asian countries, on the other hand, water- based exercise sport rehabilitative were intervened in this study). The study design was semi-experimental with two experimental groups and one control group. 60 female were divided into three groups randomly. Stork test for static balance, GHQ questionnaire for general health, The Timed Up and Down Stair Test for dynamic balance, and Stand chair test for strength were applied. One-Way ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test were used as statistical methods. Water-based exercise programs led to improved dynamic balance, muscular strength, static balance and depression (P<0.05), KSD also had a positive effect on anxiety and depression (P<0.05). The efficacies of both interventions were equal except the depression factor. Based on study results, water-based exercise programs and KSD led to improved dynamic and static balance, muscular strength, some mental health subtests including anxiety, depression.The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of water-based exercise programs and KSD protocol for general health questionnaire and optimal physical fitness factors affecting female elders balance.(KSD as a kind of relaxation exercise has been frequently used in eastern Asian countries, on the other hand, water- based exercise sport rehabilitative were intervened in this study). The study design was semi-experimental with two experimental groups and one control group. 60 female were divided into three groups randomly. Stork test for static balance, GHQ questionnaire for general health, The Timed Up and Down Stair Test for dynamic balance, and Stand chair test for strength were applied. One-Way ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test were used as statistical methods. Water-based exercise programs led to improved dynamic balance, muscular strength, static balance and depression (P<0.05), KSD also had a positive effect on anxiety and depression (P<0.05). The efficacies of both interventions were equal except the depression factor. Based on study results, water-based exercise programs and KSD led to improved dynamic and static balance, muscular strength, some mental health subtests including anxiety, depression.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_268_8f121ce07d74717e0b1f21d122e04521.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Investigate the relationship between reinvestment and sport performance under psychological pressure: examination of reinvestment theoryInvestigate the relationship between reinvestment and sport performance under psychological pressure: examination of reinvestment theory2942269FAJournal Article20110719The purpose of this study was found the relationship between reinvestment and sport performance under pressure. 24 high school students were asked to complete The Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) and according the score of this scale, they sat in two high (A) and low (B) reinvestors. After performing topspin in 300 trials in acquisition phase without receiving instruction (discovery learning), immediate retention and transfer test under psychological pressure. After transfer test, verbal protocol and The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory for Adult (CSAI-A) was completed by participants before session 3 and after transfer test. Mixed ANOVA (2×3) with repeated measure on latest factor, Independent samples and paired-Samples T test, and one way ANOVA was used for data analyzing. Result shows no differences between group's performance acquisition phase and immediate retention whereas performance progress was observed in groups. The result of dependent t-test in transfer phase revealed group (B) had a better performance. Moreover the result of dependent t-test showed, against group (B), group (A) had performance breakdown in transfer test as compared with immediate retention test. The amount of verbal rules reported by group (A) in verbal protocol was more than group (B).The result of independent t-test according to two State-Trait Inventory State Scales, showed efficiency of stress intervention. Moreover there were significant correlation between the amount of reported conscious reinvestment and two factors of the number of verbal rules and performance under pressure in both groups. Result showed that there vas correlation between Movement Specific Reinvestment Questionnaire (MSRQ) and performance breakdown under pressure and it’s appear that explicit rules reinvestment was responsible of performance breakdown under psychological pressure.
The purpose of this study was found the relationship between reinvestment and sport performance under pressure. 24 high school students were asked to complete The Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) and according the score of this scale, they sat in two high (A) and low (B) reinvestors. After performing topspin in 300 trials in acquisition phase without receiving instruction (discovery learning), immediate retention and transfer test under psychological pressure. After transfer test, verbal protocol and The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory for Adult (CSAI-A) was completed by participants before session 3 and after transfer test. Mixed ANOVA (2×3) with repeated measure on latest factor, Independent samples and paired-Samples T test, and one way ANOVA was used for data analyzing. Result shows no differences between group's performance acquisition phase and immediate retention whereas performance progress was observed in groups. The result of dependent t-test in transfer phase revealed group (B) had a better performance. Moreover the result of dependent t-test showed, against group (B), group (A) had performance breakdown in transfer test as compared with immediate retention test. The amount of verbal rules reported by group (A) in verbal protocol was more than group (B).The result of independent t-test according to two State-Trait Inventory State Scales, showed efficiency of stress intervention. Moreover there were significant correlation between the amount of reported conscious reinvestment and two factors of the number of verbal rules and performance under pressure in both groups. Result showed that there vas correlation between Movement Specific Reinvestment Questionnaire (MSRQ) and performance breakdown under pressure and it’s appear that explicit rules reinvestment was responsible of performance breakdown under psychological pressure.
https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_269_06138bc5af6023646ede0e1f7c1eac75.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723The effect of Pilates training on Memory Quotient and upper and lower extremity functions in stroke patientsThe effect of Pilates training on Memory Quotient and upper and lower extremity functions in stroke patients4360270FAJournal Article20121008This study aims to investigate the efficiency of 8-weeks Pilates training on Memory Quotient and upper and lower extremity functions in stroke patients. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 randomly selected stroke patients (with an average of 59.58±11.10) who referred to Isfahan Alzahra Hospital in 2010. The participants were assigned into the experimental (n=12) and control groups (n=12). Patients' Memory Quotient was assessed applying Wechsler Memory Scale and their physical Functions was assessed applying Wolf motor Functioning and 30 second chair stand test prior to and after the 8-week treatment. The experimental group received an eight-week intervention (three sessions per week) and the control group did not receive any training and performed their daily activities. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences in Memory Quotient (P=0.01) and lower body motor function (P=0.01) of the experimental group compared with their baseline performance and control group after 8 weeks of training. But despite the improvement observed in patients with upper body motor function there was no significant difference in the Wolf motor function test. Findings of this study show that selected Pilates training are effective in improving Memory Quotient and lower body motor function of stroke patients.
This study aims to investigate the efficiency of 8-weeks Pilates training on Memory Quotient and upper and lower extremity functions in stroke patients. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 randomly selected stroke patients (with an average of 59.58±11.10) who referred to Isfahan Alzahra Hospital in 2010. The participants were assigned into the experimental (n=12) and control groups (n=12). Patients' Memory Quotient was assessed applying Wechsler Memory Scale and their physical Functions was assessed applying Wolf motor Functioning and 30 second chair stand test prior to and after the 8-week treatment. The experimental group received an eight-week intervention (three sessions per week) and the control group did not receive any training and performed their daily activities. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences in Memory Quotient (P=0.01) and lower body motor function (P=0.01) of the experimental group compared with their baseline performance and control group after 8 weeks of training. But despite the improvement observed in patients with upper body motor function there was no significant difference in the Wolf motor function test. Findings of this study show that selected Pilates training are effective in improving Memory Quotient and lower body motor function of stroke patients.
https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_270_39059724f73a9969845dfe4146c5660e.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Sources of acute stress in elite and expert wrestlersSources of acute stress in elite and expert wrestlers6174271FAJournal Article20121016The aim of this study was to investigate Sources of acute stress in elite and expert wrestlers. Volunteer participants were 210 wrestlers of elite (age: 24.9±4.6 years) and expert (age: 23.6±4.9 years) wrestlers. Participants were asked to complete the Sources of Acute Stress among wrestling Questionnaire (SASWQ). Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that there was significant difference between athletes participating in performance, evaluation, contest, error, prospect, time pressure, injury and environment in the Sources of acute stress, expert wrestlers gets more points than the elite wrestlers. F<sub>8,209</sub>=3.289, P=0.001, PartialȠ 2=0.997), (p≥0.05). Results indicate that the expert wrestlers in comparison with elite wrestlers allocate a large proportion of energy for addressing with mental pressure that arises from Sources of acute stress. While for the elite wrestlers, those obtain psychology distance from Sources of acute stress, hereby increase probability of self-sport achievement.The aim of this study was to investigate Sources of acute stress in elite and expert wrestlers. Volunteer participants were 210 wrestlers of elite (age: 24.9±4.6 years) and expert (age: 23.6±4.9 years) wrestlers. Participants were asked to complete the Sources of Acute Stress among wrestling Questionnaire (SASWQ). Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that there was significant difference between athletes participating in performance, evaluation, contest, error, prospect, time pressure, injury and environment in the Sources of acute stress, expert wrestlers gets more points than the elite wrestlers. F<sub>8,209</sub>=3.289, P=0.001, PartialȠ 2=0.997), (p≥0.05). Results indicate that the expert wrestlers in comparison with elite wrestlers allocate a large proportion of energy for addressing with mental pressure that arises from Sources of acute stress. While for the elite wrestlers, those obtain psychology distance from Sources of acute stress, hereby increase probability of self-sport achievement.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_271_7f100b7b36092fb9b06dfb4fac360931.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Studying of Attribution Styles and Motivation of Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes in Individual SportsStudying of Attribution Styles and Motivation of Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes in Individual Sports7592272FAJournal Article20121026The aim of this study is studying attributions in athlete's success and failure and motivation too. The population of this study includes national team's athletes in swimming, badminton, karate, taekwondo, ping pong and wrestling Disciplines. Samples selected through convenience sampling and 120 players were selected by Phased approach. Then, Data were collected by two questionnaires: Attribution Styles Questionnaire (ASQ) &sport motivation scale (SMS). Analyzing the Data was performed by MANOVA and the significance level (0.05). The findings showed that elite athletes express more unstable and specific attribution in the face of Failure conditions In contrast sub-elite athletes expressed more stable and general attribution in the face of Failure conditions (p≤0.05). Elite athletes have more intrinsic and extrinsic motivation level than sub-elite athletes. Sub-elite athletes are lower motivated than elite athletes (p≤0.05). As a result, attribution styles of elite and sub-elite athletes in different causal dimensions are different and also there is a significant difference between motivational levels of elite and sub-elite athletes (p≤0.05).The aim of this study is studying attributions in athlete's success and failure and motivation too. The population of this study includes national team's athletes in swimming, badminton, karate, taekwondo, ping pong and wrestling Disciplines. Samples selected through convenience sampling and 120 players were selected by Phased approach. Then, Data were collected by two questionnaires: Attribution Styles Questionnaire (ASQ) &sport motivation scale (SMS). Analyzing the Data was performed by MANOVA and the significance level (0.05). The findings showed that elite athletes express more unstable and specific attribution in the face of Failure conditions In contrast sub-elite athletes expressed more stable and general attribution in the face of Failure conditions (p≤0.05). Elite athletes have more intrinsic and extrinsic motivation level than sub-elite athletes. Sub-elite athletes are lower motivated than elite athletes (p≤0.05). As a result, attribution styles of elite and sub-elite athletes in different causal dimensions are different and also there is a significant difference between motivational levels of elite and sub-elite athletes (p≤0.05).https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_272_7a614fd06c325499f1680b9896beedeb.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723The comparison of mental rotation of active and inactive college studentsThe comparison of mental rotation of active and inactive college students93106275FAJournal Article20130128This research aimed at studying the differences of mental rotation performance in two groups (active and passive) with regards to their gender. The method of this research is causal-comparative and samples were selected targeted from physical education students and other humanities fields. The sample was included 80 students (physical education students=40 people & students of humanities field=40 people and each groups consists of 20 males & 20 females). Peters’ mental rotation test was used to measuring the performance of mental rotation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of data and two-way ANOVA test was used for comparison of means. The findings showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤0.01) between mental rotation of physical education students in comparison with the humanities students. Also, there was a significant difference (P ≤0.01) between the mental rotation in males towards females. Generally, the results indicate the superiority of the active students and males in the ability of mental rotation. Since physical activity enhances mental rotation, it may be assumed that physical activity enhances also other cognitive domains and is worth implementing in the education process.This research aimed at studying the differences of mental rotation performance in two groups (active and passive) with regards to their gender. The method of this research is causal-comparative and samples were selected targeted from physical education students and other humanities fields. The sample was included 80 students (physical education students=40 people & students of humanities field=40 people and each groups consists of 20 males & 20 females). Peters’ mental rotation test was used to measuring the performance of mental rotation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of data and two-way ANOVA test was used for comparison of means. The findings showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤0.01) between mental rotation of physical education students in comparison with the humanities students. Also, there was a significant difference (P ≤0.01) between the mental rotation in males towards females. Generally, the results indicate the superiority of the active students and males in the ability of mental rotation. Since physical activity enhances mental rotation, it may be assumed that physical activity enhances also other cognitive domains and is worth implementing in the education process.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_275_63923f49e5241343aa7acb6a06a751e7.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723The effect of attentional focus types as the self talk form on acquisition and retention of Basketball chest passThe effect of attentional focus types as the self talk form on acquisition and retention of Basketball chest pass107120276FAJournal Article20130226The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus types as the instructional self-talk form on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass in the novice adolescent boys. 59 volunteered participants (13.4± 0.57yr) were randomly divided into three groups (control, internal attentional focus, external attentional focus). After pretest, five sessions of the basketball chest pass practice were taken for all groups. Post test were conducted after last session of practice and retention test was also conducted after two weeks of practice. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, Repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferoni Post Hoc test. The results showed that the differences between all groups during pretest and retention test were significant. Although the differences between experimental groups were not significant. On the other hand, the difference between experimental and control groups were significant. Therefore, the instructional self-talk is caused to improve the acquisition and retention of this skill in primary stage of learning, but probably the manipulating of attentional focus types is not effective.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus types as the instructional self-talk form on acquisition and retention of basketball chest pass in the novice adolescent boys. 59 volunteered participants (13.4± 0.57yr) were randomly divided into three groups (control, internal attentional focus, external attentional focus). After pretest, five sessions of the basketball chest pass practice were taken for all groups. Post test were conducted after last session of practice and retention test was also conducted after two weeks of practice. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, Repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferoni Post Hoc test. The results showed that the differences between all groups during pretest and retention test were significant. Although the differences between experimental groups were not significant. On the other hand, the difference between experimental and control groups were significant. Therefore, the instructional self-talk is caused to improve the acquisition and retention of this skill in primary stage of learning, but probably the manipulating of attentional focus types is not effective.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_276_db8e1af0cb3aca1ae2d0018624204529.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Effect of foreperiod duration on simple and choice reaction time in simple and complex taskEffect of foreperiod duration on simple and choice reaction time in simple and complex task121138277FAJournal Article20130413The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different FPs duration 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 seconds on simple and three choice visual RT performances in both simple and complex task. Participants were 351 right-handed male University students. The screening two choice RT test were administered and then 40 subjects were chosen and assigned on the base of block random allocation in two groups. Data gathering tool was researcher-made software that reliability and validity were confirmed. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and independent t-test. The results showed that simple RT was a significant differences between five FPs duration in simple task (p<0.005). Three choice RT was a significant differences between five FPs duration in simple task (p<0.001).Simple RT was significant difference in the five similar FPs durations in simple task compared to the complicated task (p<0.001).Three choice RT was significant difference in all similar FPs durations in simple task compared to complex task with the except for 1.5 second FP (p<0.001).It was concluded that the most of FPs duration effects were on simple RT and three choice RT in simple task and this effects on three choice RT more than simple RT.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different FPs duration 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 seconds on simple and three choice visual RT performances in both simple and complex task. Participants were 351 right-handed male University students. The screening two choice RT test were administered and then 40 subjects were chosen and assigned on the base of block random allocation in two groups. Data gathering tool was researcher-made software that reliability and validity were confirmed. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and independent t-test. The results showed that simple RT was a significant differences between five FPs duration in simple task (p<0.005). Three choice RT was a significant differences between five FPs duration in simple task (p<0.001).Simple RT was significant difference in the five similar FPs durations in simple task compared to the complicated task (p<0.001).Three choice RT was significant difference in all similar FPs durations in simple task compared to complex task with the except for 1.5 second FP (p<0.001).It was concluded that the most of FPs duration effects were on simple RT and three choice RT in simple task and this effects on three choice RT more than simple RT.
https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_277_20f07591c6fcb220ffe637cda29bb3f6.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Predicting task self-efficacy on balance confidence and individual characteristics in older adultsPredicting task self-efficacy on balance confidence and individual characteristics in older adults139152278FAJournal Article20130608Purpose of the research was predicting task self-efficacy on balance confidence and individual characteristics in men and women older adults at Arak. Statistics population were men and women older adults at Arak in years 2012-2013 from witch 473 subjects with mean age 68.86 years from 5 civil district selected randomly and participate in study voluntarily. Data collected with individual characteristics questionnaire, Activities-specific Balance Confidence, and Task Self-Efficacy Scale, and a single question about Fall Frequency in past year. Questionnaire filled by 8 trained testers. According research results, 93 (21.2%) of subjects had regular physical activity, 345 (78.8%) without regular physical activity, 337 (72%) were employee and 132 (28%) not employee. The results indicated that age, gender, balance confidence, and fall frequency in past year were predictors of task self-efficacy (p≤0.05) and 82% of task self-efficacy explained by balance confidence. Also, some individual characteristics such as economic status, job status, and physical activity were not predictors of task self-efficacy. Therefore, it is seem that balance confidence, fall history, age, and gender affecting self-perceptions of older adults and had main role in daily activities self-efficacy and functional independence and should be considered in future studies.Purpose of the research was predicting task self-efficacy on balance confidence and individual characteristics in men and women older adults at Arak. Statistics population were men and women older adults at Arak in years 2012-2013 from witch 473 subjects with mean age 68.86 years from 5 civil district selected randomly and participate in study voluntarily. Data collected with individual characteristics questionnaire, Activities-specific Balance Confidence, and Task Self-Efficacy Scale, and a single question about Fall Frequency in past year. Questionnaire filled by 8 trained testers. According research results, 93 (21.2%) of subjects had regular physical activity, 345 (78.8%) without regular physical activity, 337 (72%) were employee and 132 (28%) not employee. The results indicated that age, gender, balance confidence, and fall frequency in past year were predictors of task self-efficacy (p≤0.05) and 82% of task self-efficacy explained by balance confidence. Also, some individual characteristics such as economic status, job status, and physical activity were not predictors of task self-efficacy. Therefore, it is seem that balance confidence, fall history, age, and gender affecting self-perceptions of older adults and had main role in daily activities self-efficacy and functional independence and should be considered in future studies.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_278_07cdfd23373b17c6b337251c22b7ea57.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723Relationship some of personal characteristics, birth order and time of birth with sporting success athlete adolescent girls markazi provinceRelationship some of personal characteristics, birth order and time of birth with sporting success athlete adolescent girls markazi province153168280FAJournal Article20130701The aim of this study was to relationship some of personal characteristics, birth order and time of birth with sporting success athlete adolescent girls' markazi province. Research Method was descriptive-correlation.The statistical population of the research formed 133 athlete adolescent girl participated in province scholastic competitions. The sampling to method all count was done.Data collected by sport success questionnaire dyuda and nichols to assess the sporting success and a of individual information questionnaire the researcher made to get information about history of sport parental, type of marriage parental, socio-economic base parental, birth order and time of birth. Research data analyzed by descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and iinferential (spearman correlation test). The results showed thatthe highest frequency percentage athletes was observed among families first childrens and in the cold half of year and with parents having regular physical activity and of non-consanguineous marriage and social- economic base medium. Results using of spearman correlation test has not been significant.The aim of this study was to relationship some of personal characteristics, birth order and time of birth with sporting success athlete adolescent girls' markazi province. Research Method was descriptive-correlation.The statistical population of the research formed 133 athlete adolescent girl participated in province scholastic competitions. The sampling to method all count was done.Data collected by sport success questionnaire dyuda and nichols to assess the sporting success and a of individual information questionnaire the researcher made to get information about history of sport parental, type of marriage parental, socio-economic base parental, birth order and time of birth. Research data analyzed by descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and iinferential (spearman correlation test). The results showed thatthe highest frequency percentage athletes was observed among families first childrens and in the cold half of year and with parents having regular physical activity and of non-consanguineous marriage and social- economic base medium. Results using of spearman correlation test has not been significant.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_280_92c8c96e4c37100777c7190b76d28233.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723A Study on Bilateral Transfer Symmetry of Cognitive & Motor Components in Soccer KickingA Study on Bilateral Transfer Symmetry of Cognitive & Motor Components in Soccer Kicking169180281FAJournal Article20130717The purpose of this study was to survey the symmetry in bilateral transfer of cognitive and motor components in soccer kicking skills of the male students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The subjects were 64 participated students of General Physical Education 1 course, with an age range of 18 to 24 years, that did not have any professional and regular experiences in soccer, and their dominant leg was right. They were randomly and equally assigned to four groups. The task of inside kicking was performed with the emphasis on accuracy cognitive component in Group A (practice with dominant leg) and Group B (practice with non-dominant leg) and the task of instep kicking was performed with the emphasis on force motor component in Group C (practice with dominant leg) and Group D (practice with non-dominant leg) for 8 weeks, 3 times a week and 150 trials per session. Results showed that the practice has been caused transferring the cognitive component from the dominant leg to the non-dominant leg and vice versa (P<0.05), and that the transfer of the component was symmetric. But the motor component has only been transferred from the dominant leg to the non-dominant leg (P<0.05), and the transfer of the component was asymmetric and this asymmetry was in favor of the dominant leg. Based on the results, it is better that we practice with both legs in the skills with high cognitive component, and practice with the dominant leg in skills with high motor component.The purpose of this study was to survey the symmetry in bilateral transfer of cognitive and motor components in soccer kicking skills of the male students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The subjects were 64 participated students of General Physical Education 1 course, with an age range of 18 to 24 years, that did not have any professional and regular experiences in soccer, and their dominant leg was right. They were randomly and equally assigned to four groups. The task of inside kicking was performed with the emphasis on accuracy cognitive component in Group A (practice with dominant leg) and Group B (practice with non-dominant leg) and the task of instep kicking was performed with the emphasis on force motor component in Group C (practice with dominant leg) and Group D (practice with non-dominant leg) for 8 weeks, 3 times a week and 150 trials per session. Results showed that the practice has been caused transferring the cognitive component from the dominant leg to the non-dominant leg and vice versa (P<0.05), and that the transfer of the component was symmetric. But the motor component has only been transferred from the dominant leg to the non-dominant leg (P<0.05), and the transfer of the component was asymmetric and this asymmetry was in favor of the dominant leg. Based on the results, it is better that we practice with both legs in the skills with high cognitive component, and practice with the dominant leg in skills with high motor component.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_281_e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteMotor Behavior2538-273X61620140723The Structural Model of Students’ Amotivation in Physical Education ActivitiesThe Structural Model of Students’ Amotivation in Physical Education Activities181200282FAJournal Article20130807The aim of the study was to develop a model of students’ amotivation in physical education activities based on the four dimensional structure of amotivation. In this descriptive-correlational study, 381 high school students of Bookan were selected through cluster random sampling as the subjects of the study, and they filled out the questionnaire of amotivation inventory–physical education (AI-PE) of Shen et.al (2010) with reliability (α=0.81). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The results showed that there are positive and significant relationships between unappealing characteristics of activity, and insufficient values of activity with deficient effort (r= 0.560, p=0.002; r=0.622, p=0.001), and there is positive and significant relationship between deficient effort with deficient ability beliefs (r= 0.668, p=0.000). Standardized path coefficients in fitted model showed that unappealing characteristics of activity, and insufficient values of activity influenced deficient effort, respectively (0.27; 0.61). Also, deficient effort affected the belief in deficient ability (0.89). Students may become amotivated in physical education activities because of various reasons. So, multidimensional nature of amotivation in physical education must be identified and considered during teaching and learning.The aim of the study was to develop a model of students’ amotivation in physical education activities based on the four dimensional structure of amotivation. In this descriptive-correlational study, 381 high school students of Bookan were selected through cluster random sampling as the subjects of the study, and they filled out the questionnaire of amotivation inventory–physical education (AI-PE) of Shen et.al (2010) with reliability (α=0.81). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The results showed that there are positive and significant relationships between unappealing characteristics of activity, and insufficient values of activity with deficient effort (r= 0.560, p=0.002; r=0.622, p=0.001), and there is positive and significant relationship between deficient effort with deficient ability beliefs (r= 0.668, p=0.000). Standardized path coefficients in fitted model showed that unappealing characteristics of activity, and insufficient values of activity influenced deficient effort, respectively (0.27; 0.61). Also, deficient effort affected the belief in deficient ability (0.89). Students may become amotivated in physical education activities because of various reasons. So, multidimensional nature of amotivation in physical education must be identified and considered during teaching and learning.https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_282_6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.pdf