Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 The effect of double practice on table tennis forehand learning accuracy: emphasis on the mediating role of sleep quality and quantity The effect of double practice on table tennis forehand learning accuracy: emphasis on the mediating role of sleep quality and quantity 17 34 5032 10.22089/mbj.2025.17000.2171 FA Nasrin Abbasi Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0875-3993 Mehdi Shahbazi Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty .of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2148-4150 Elahe Arabameri Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty .of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5948-7288 Journal Article 2024 07 11 Aim: Several factors are considered crucial in the formation of motor memory and learning, including the amount of practice and the role of sleep in memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the quantity and quality of sleep before and after training and double training can affect performance. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effects of intensified training on forehand serve accuracy in table tennis learning, with an emphasis on the mediating role of sleep quality and quantity before and after training. Methods: The statistical population consisted of 200 students aged 13 to 15 years, from which 60 volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups: regular or double practice. In the first session, the regular and intensified groups performed 100 and 200 trials, respectively, followed by 30 trials each in a second session two days later. Accuracy and retention indices were calculated based on forehand serve scores. Sleep parameters were measured using a Xiaomi wristband twice: two days before and after training sessions. Results: One-way ANCOVA results showed that the intensified training group had a higher learning index than that of the regular training group (p=0.017). No significant differences were observed in retention and relearning indices (p≥0.05). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between sleep parameters and learning, retention, or relearning indices (p≥0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that double practice resulted in improved performance on the training day, while sleep before and after the training did not have a significant impact on performance improvement. Aim: Several factors are considered crucial in the formation of motor memory and learning, including the amount of practice and the role of sleep in memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the quantity and quality of sleep before and after training and double training can affect performance. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effects of intensified training on forehand serve accuracy in table tennis learning, with an emphasis on the mediating role of sleep quality and quantity before and after training. Methods: The statistical population consisted of 200 students aged 13 to 15 years, from which 60 volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups: regular or double practice. In the first session, the regular and intensified groups performed 100 and 200 trials, respectively, followed by 30 trials each in a second session two days later. Accuracy and retention indices were calculated based on forehand serve scores. Sleep parameters were measured using a Xiaomi wristband twice: two days before and after training sessions. Results: One-way ANCOVA results showed that the intensified training group had a higher learning index than that of the regular training group (p=0.017). No significant differences were observed in retention and relearning indices (p≥0.05). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between sleep parameters and learning, retention, or relearning indices (p≥0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that double practice resulted in improved performance on the training day, while sleep before and after the training did not have a significant impact on performance improvement.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5032_a7971abb4134fc0cfcec7d589e1ebcf6.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 Psychometric properties of Physical Literacy Questionnaire in 5-12-year-old children: Pictorial Self-report visual scale (PL-C Quest) Psychometric properties of Physical Literacy Questionnaire in 5-12-year-old children: Pictorial Self-report visual scale (PL-C Quest) 35 87 4752 10.22089/mbj.2025.17753.2204 FA Hossein Samadi Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 0000-0002-1073-3393 Saeed Ahar Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0003-4336-3832 Jalil Moradi Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran. 0000-0002-1001-6685 Mostafa Hajlotfalian 2. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Journal Article 2025 03 12 Due to the high attention paid to the health benefits associated with physical literacy it is necessary to take appropriate measures to assess children's physical literacy levels.The Children's Physical Literacy Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) is the first self-report image-based scale to assess children's perceived PL. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the physical literacy questionnaire for children aged 5 to 12 years. 403 children aged 5 to 12 years completed the 30-item Perceived Physical Literacy Questionnaire . First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the open translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the structural validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency. Also, intraclass correlation with test-retest method was used for the temporal reliability of the questions. Also, intraclass correlation with test-retest method was used for the temporal reliability of the questions. The results showed that the goodness of fit index and comparative fit index are higher than 0.90. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for physical literacy and its dimensions was above 0.7 (acceptability index value). Based on the results, the Iranian version of PL-C Quest for measuring the self-reported PL of 5-12-year-old children has good and acceptable construct validity and internal and temporal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the physical literacy of children at this age. Due to the high attention paid to the health benefits associated with physical literacy it is necessary to take appropriate measures to assess children's physical literacy levels.The Children's Physical Literacy Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) is the first self-report image-based scale to assess children's perceived PL. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the physical literacy questionnaire for children aged 5 to 12 years. 403 children aged 5 to 12 years completed the 30-item Perceived Physical Literacy Questionnaire . First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the open translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the structural validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency. Also, intraclass correlation with test-retest method was used for the temporal reliability of the questions. Also, intraclass correlation with test-retest method was used for the temporal reliability of the questions. The results showed that the goodness of fit index and comparative fit index are higher than 0.90. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for physical literacy and its dimensions was above 0.7 (acceptability index value). Based on the results, the Iranian version of PL-C Quest for measuring the self-reported PL of 5-12-year-old children has good and acceptable construct validity and internal and temporal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the physical literacy of children at this age.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4752_91299a41773c667d2ee8cddc3f6eeb64.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 Investigating the relationship between dark personality image and executive function among world athletes Investigating the relationship between dark personality image and executive function among world athletes 88 107 4638 10.22089/mbj.2025.17873.2207 FA Shahin Kalantari . Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0006-1274-958X Mahdi Namazizadeh Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 0009-0006-1274-958X Zahra Fathi Rezaei ³ Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-0570-7764 Rokhsareh Badami ⁴ Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0002-4507-0382 Journal Article 2025 03 27 The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between dark personality image and executive function among athletes around the world. This qualitative research was conducted using an inductive approach and content analysis. Using the onion model, an interpretive paradigm was first selected to understand and interpret the views of previous researchers in this field. Then, an inductive approach and content analysis model were used to extract hidden patterns from the data. The statistical population consisted of 100 articles related to the topic, and after careful screening and review, 24 articles were selected for analysis. Coding and content analysis of these articles led to the extraction of themes related to the relationship between dark personality image and executive function in athletes. Accordingly, the extracted themes were refined based on three-stage open, axial, and selective coding, and gathered around a concept based on similarities and data consistency. In order to adopt an exploratory approach, the nature of the data and their relationships were determined. MAXQDA was used. A review of the articles studied showed that there is a deep connection between executive functions and personality types with sports performance. Accordingly, 5 main themes (personality type, physical fitness, sports expertise, mental toughness, psychological) with 49 sub-themes were identified..Conclusion: Identifying and examining executive functions can help to understand how they affect the sports and emotional behavior of athletes. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between dark personality image and executive function among athletes around the world. This qualitative research was conducted using an inductive approach and content analysis. Using the onion model, an interpretive paradigm was first selected to understand and interpret the views of previous researchers in this field. Then, an inductive approach and content analysis model were used to extract hidden patterns from the data. The statistical population consisted of 100 articles related to the topic, and after careful screening and review, 24 articles were selected for analysis. Coding and content analysis of these articles led to the extraction of themes related to the relationship between dark personality image and executive function in athletes. Accordingly, the extracted themes were refined based on three-stage open, axial, and selective coding, and gathered around a concept based on similarities and data consistency. In order to adopt an exploratory approach, the nature of the data and their relationships were determined. MAXQDA was used. A review of the articles studied showed that there is a deep connection between executive functions and personality types with sports performance. Accordingly, 5 main themes (personality type, physical fitness, sports expertise, mental toughness, psychological) with 49 sub-themes were identified..Conclusion: Identifying and examining executive functions can help to understand how they affect the sports and emotional behavior of athletes.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4638_f08b7ac8aa30a2a9ab34394e200e1a71.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 The Role of Reinvestment Capacity in Motor Skill Learning Using Explicit and Analogy Instructions The Role of Reinvestment Capacity in Motor Skill Learning Using Explicit and Analogy Instructions 108 130 4751 10.22089/mbj.2025.17941.2210 FA Zahra Khosravi Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Arsham Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Farhad Ghadiri Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1884-4899 Hassan Rohbanfard Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 12 Finding effective instructional methods to optimize sports performance has always been a focus of researchers. Two main instruction methods analogy and explicit have been studied. some studies suggest that analogy-based instruction is more beneficial for beginners. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of explicit and analogy-based instruction on learning the golf putting skill in children and to examine the moderating role of the tendency for conscious reprocessing. Participants included 90 female students aged 13–15, who were divided into high and low conscious reprocessing groups based on questionnaire scores. They were then randomly assigned to six groups (analogy, explicit ,control with high/low reprocessing). The study phases consisted of a pretest, practice (6 blocks of 10 trials), posttest, and retention test. Performance accuracy was measured based on the distance of the ball from the target center. The results indicated a significant improvement in performance in both the explicit and analogy groups. The analogy group performed better than both the explicit and control groups (p = 0.04). Additionally, the explicit group showed significantly better performance than the control group (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference between high and low conscious reprocessing groups (p = 0.623). The findings suggest that analogy-based instruction is more effective for motor skill learning in children, and individual differences in the tendency for conscious reprocessing do not influence this effect. This study recommends that future research explore the combination of instructional methods and the role of individual cognitive factors. Finding effective instructional methods to optimize sports performance has always been a focus of researchers. Two main instruction methods analogy and explicit have been studied. some studies suggest that analogy-based instruction is more beneficial for beginners. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of explicit and analogy-based instruction on learning the golf putting skill in children and to examine the moderating role of the tendency for conscious reprocessing. Participants included 90 female students aged 13–15, who were divided into high and low conscious reprocessing groups based on questionnaire scores. They were then randomly assigned to six groups (analogy, explicit ,control with high/low reprocessing). The study phases consisted of a pretest, practice (6 blocks of 10 trials), posttest, and retention test. Performance accuracy was measured based on the distance of the ball from the target center. The results indicated a significant improvement in performance in both the explicit and analogy groups. The analogy group performed better than both the explicit and control groups (p = 0.04). Additionally, the explicit group showed significantly better performance than the control group (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference between high and low conscious reprocessing groups (p = 0.623). The findings suggest that analogy-based instruction is more effective for motor skill learning in children, and individual differences in the tendency for conscious reprocessing do not influence this effect. This study recommends that future research explore the combination of instructional methods and the role of individual cognitive factors.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4751_ebad33b3c9fa1d10327bb55f9e79e2f3.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 The Effect of Pilates Group Exercises on Balance, Strength and Self efficacy of Soccer Players After Professional Career The Effect of Pilates Group Exercises on Balance, Strength and Self efficacy of Soccer Players After Professional Career 131 153 4811 10.22089/mbj.2025.17987.2213 FA Shahamaddin Safari Belil Ph D student in Motor Behavior Faculty Of Physical Education and Sport Sciences University Of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0003-8003-4402 Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2350-4514 Mahmoud Sheikh Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-4029-3568 Journal Article 2025 07 15 Abstract Background and Purpose Retirement from professional sports is a critical phase in athletes' lives, often occurring after a prolonged period of intense and regular training. The abrupt cessation of these activities can have profound effects on athletes' physical and mental health. Retired professional athletes, due to their relatively young age at retirement, financial pressures from finding new employment, and potential identity conflicts, face greater challenges compared to others. These factors can lead to issues such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and joint and muscle pain. Conversely, exercise programs have well-established physiological benefits and are widely recognized for yielding positive outcomes for both physical and mental health, particularly when parameters such as strength, balance, and self-efficacy are involved. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of Pilates training on strength, balance and self-efficacy of retired soccer players. Abstract Background and Purpose Retirement from professional sports is a critical phase in athletes' lives, often occurring after a prolonged period of intense and regular training. The abrupt cessation of these activities can have profound effects on athletes' physical and mental health. Retired professional athletes, due to their relatively young age at retirement, financial pressures from finding new employment, and potential identity conflicts, face greater challenges compared to others. These factors can lead to issues such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and joint and muscle pain. Conversely, exercise programs have well-established physiological benefits and are widely recognized for yielding positive outcomes for both physical and mental health, particularly when parameters such as strength, balance, and self-efficacy are involved. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of Pilates training on strength, balance and self-efficacy of retired soccer players.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4811_810bf83c7adfd8a04ac1f11508bab9e0.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Motor Behavior 2538-273X 18 63 2026 03 21 Effect of Contextual interference training using Medicine ball on Anticipatory postural adjustments in Elderly Effect of Contextual interference training using Medicine ball on Anticipatory postural adjustments in Elderly 154 171 5073 10.22089/mbj.2025.16330.2148 FA Maryam Ahdi Aghdam Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Parisa Hejazi Dinan Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5743-2566 Davoud Fazeli Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0001-6716-8156 Journal Article 2024 04 17 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Contextual interference training using a medicine ball on anticipatory height adjustments of the elderly. For this purpose, 30 participants (age range between 60-75 years) were selected according to the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two random and blocked groups. First, in a pre-test, the anticipatory postural adjustments of participants were addressed during the gait initiation. Then, participants performed throwing and catching the medicine ball according to their grouping (3 blocks, 36 trials each). 30 minutes after the last acquisition trial, a post-test was performed, similar to the pre-test. The research findings showed that the groups did not differ significantly during the pre-test. However, the differences were significant during the post-test. The results showed that the random group in the post-test had a significant improvement compared to the pre-test. As a result, both in terms of time and in terms of the range of anticipatory postural adjustments, the random group performed better than the blocked group. According to these findings, it is concluded that an intervention focused on increasing anticipatory postural adjustments, which includes throwing and receiving balls of different weights can increase the time and range of anticipatory postural adjustments and, as a result, improve the stability of the elderly and prevent falling. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Contextual interference training using a medicine ball on anticipatory height adjustments of the elderly. For this purpose, 30 participants (age range between 60-75 years) were selected according to the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two random and blocked groups. First, in a pre-test, the anticipatory postural adjustments of participants were addressed during the gait initiation. Then, participants performed throwing and catching the medicine ball according to their grouping (3 blocks, 36 trials each). 30 minutes after the last acquisition trial, a post-test was performed, similar to the pre-test. The research findings showed that the groups did not differ significantly during the pre-test. However, the differences were significant during the post-test. The results showed that the random group in the post-test had a significant improvement compared to the pre-test. As a result, both in terms of time and in terms of the range of anticipatory postural adjustments, the random group performed better than the blocked group. According to these findings, it is concluded that an intervention focused on increasing anticipatory postural adjustments, which includes throwing and receiving balls of different weights can increase the time and range of anticipatory postural adjustments and, as a result, improve the stability of the elderly and prevent falling.

https://mbj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5073_4ac778418206cc85ac960d5b9134bf74.pdf