Motor Behavior

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation before physical, mental, observational and combined training on the acquisition and retention of badminton short service skills. The participants were volunteers who were 180 male students aged 19-25 years. After initial screening, the subjects were divided into four experimental groups (physical, observational, mental and combined training) and four paired control groups who were subjected to badminton short service training. The experimental groups trained with 24-h sleep deprivation and the control group trained without sleep deprivation. In the acquisition stage, each subject trained using his customary training method. After training, the subjects followed a normal day-night sleep pattern. At 24, 72 and 168 h after acquisition, a short-service retention test was taken by participants. The data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (4 ´ 2 ´ 3). The results show that acquisition and retention in both the physical and combined groups were not affected by sleep deprivation (P>0.05). Skill acquisition in the observation group was not affected by sleep deprivation (P>0.05); however, in the retention tests, the control group showed significantly better performance. Skill acquisition in the mental training group was significantly affected by sleep deprivation and this effect was evident in the retention tests (p < 0.05). The results indicate that, under conditions of sleep deprivation, physical and combined training are preferred when training to acquire new skills.

The purpose of this study was to compare instructor-based and parent-based interventions on social development, emotional development and cognitive development in seven to 10 years old children with developmental coordination disorder through motor skills training. Participants consisted of 84 girls and boys from eight elementary school at four, eight and 13 Tehran educational zones; they were screened by developmental coordination disorder questionnaire, then randomly divided into three groups: instructor-based, parent-based, and control. Two experimental groups carried out skills training for 12 weeks consisting, , (Three sessions per week) and each session 45 minutes. All participants were assessed before and after interventions with Vineland social maturity scale, Emotional Awareness Rieffe, and Conners (Parent form) questionnaires. The result of Covariance analysis test showed that both experimental groups significantly in the total score of social development, emotional development and cognitive development had higher score than the control group, and of course Instructor-based group in social development had better than parent-based group, that demonstrates positive impact of group environments and peers. also parent-based group in emotional development had better than Instructor-based group, that demonstrates dependency between children and parents. These results showed, both interventions help to improve social development, emotional development and cognitive development in children with developmental coordination disorder, instructor based intervention is more beneficial in social development, and parent-based intervention is more beneficial in emotional development.

A history of falls or imbalance may lead to a fear of falling, which may lead to self-imposed avoidance of activity; this avoidance may stimulate a vicious cycle of deconditioning and subsequent falls. The purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of «The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire» in elderly of Shiraz city. 532 elderly with a mean age of 69.25 ± 6.77 years were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to investigate the construct validity, a confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation model was used. Comparison between two groups with and without falling was used for differential validity and the relationship between the " The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" and The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, Falls Self-Efficacy Scale (FES-I), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test were used to determine convergent validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was also obtained by test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation. Results from this study offer evidence for the reliability and validity of the “The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" in elderly of Shiraz city and support the notion that the “The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" measures avoidance behavior rather than balance confidence, self-efficacy, or fear. Currently, there are no other assessment tools that measure this sequela of balance impairment and falls in a clinically useful and practical manner.

The mechanisms involved in expertise in the last decade have been highly considered by the researchers. Expertise research considers how performers are able to deal with complex tasks and overcome limitations to become highly skilled. The current study aimed to compare visual search behavior in skilled and novice basketball players under temporal constraint. The participants of this research were 24 skilled (n=12) and novice (n=12) basketball players with an age range of 19 to 26 years. For this research, task was executed under 0%, 25% and 50% temporal constraint condition. The task included 10 one hand set shot in each of the temporal constraints. The participant’s visual search behaviors collected by using eye tracking glasses. Finally, for the research analysis, 2*3 ANOVA was used. The results showed that there was a significant different in number and duration of fixations between skilled and novice participants with and without temporal constraints, also number and duration of fixations were decreased by increase in temporal constraints. Based on the results of this study, visual search behavior can be one of the distinguishing factors of different skill levels, which focus on it can help to improve the expertise performance in sport.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 12 sessions of rotational exercises on the novice females’ balance with and without visual and proprioceptive senses manipulation. The statistical sample included 27 girl students with an age range of 19-24 years that were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were classified into experimental and control groups by random assignment and the experimental group was treated by intervention for 12 sessions. To evaluate postural control, the force plate in the conditions of open and close eyes, with and without balance pad was used. For analyze the data were used Analysis of variance with repeated measures, multivariate covariance and bonferroni post-hoc test in SPSS v23. The ANOVA test results showed that the effect of Rotational exercises was no significant (P>0.05). But, based on the results of Bonferroni post-hoc test, in conditions 2&3, the effects of rotational exercises on COP sway in the X-axis in conditions of manipulation of the visual & proprioception system separately was significant (p < 0.05). According to the results of the present research, it seems that rotational exercises can be more effective in balance (X-axis) and this reduces people's reliance on visual system and proprioception.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of postural strategies training on the balance of women with Multiple Sclerosis. Thirty women with multiple sclerosis (mean age=41.4 ± 5.33) participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The training group performed practice for eight-week in accordance with the designed protocol, each week conclude three sessions. The control group continued its daily activities. To assess the balance of participants in the pre-test and post-test, functional balance test of Berg, TUG, and Sharpened Romberg test was used. The results showed that in the training group, the meantime of dynamic balance test in the post-test was significantly less than the control group (P=0.001). The dynamic balance test scores of the training group decreased in the post-test compared to the pretest (P=0.001), and the performance improved. There was no significant difference between the control group performance in the pretest and post-test stages (P>0.05). Static balance results also showed that the performance of the subjects in the training group was better than the control group (P=0.001). Also, the scores of functional balance tests in the training group were increased compared to the control group and performance improved (P=0.001). The score of functional balance test scores of the training group in the post-test was reduced to the pre-test and their performance improved. There is no difference between the control group performance in the pretest and posttest phases (P>0.05). The results revealed that eight weeks of postural strategies training improved static, dynamic, and functional balance. The reason for the improvement in the balance after this training seems to be due to an increase in muscle endurance, adaptation neuromuscular and reduction in muscle tension.