Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University

2 M.Sc. of Motor Behavior, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of neurofeedback training with a focus on handedness, on learning of dart throwing skill. Thirty-nine Students of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University )mean age: 21.62±2.57 years) purposefully participated in this research. After instructing and observing dart throwing film by participants, a pretest includes of 10 trails was conducted and then participants were assigned into four groups (right-handed neurofeedback, left-handed neurofeedback, right-handed control and left-handed control) according to pretest scores. Acquisition phase includes of 8 training sessions, participants completed 20 trials per session after neurofeedback intervention. 72 hours after the last training sessions, the retention test and then transfer test with non-dominant hand was conducted. Factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures on training sessions indicated that training sessions main effect was significant, that is, participants showed significant improvement in dart throwing performance during acquisition phase. In addition, one-way ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences among groups in transfer test, while this difference was significant in retention test. In other words, neurofeedback groups achieved better scores than control group, but significant difference between right-handed and left-handed neurofeedback groups was not found. Theta/SMR protocol leads to sensory motor rhythm and attentional process enhancement, consequently increase in dart throwing performance. It appears that this protocol may help accelerating expertise process in dart.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Strack B, Linden M, Wilson VS, editors. Biofeedback & neurofeedback applications in sport psychology. Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback; 2011.
  2. Vernon D. Human potential: exploring techniques used to enhance human. New York: Psychology Press. 2009.
  3. Lawrence JT. Neurofeedback and your brain: A beginner’s manual. New York: Faculty, NYU medical center & brain research lab. 2002.
  4. Vernon DJ. Can neurofeedback training enhance performance? An evaluation of the evidence with implications for future research. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2005 Dec 1;30(4):347-64.
  5. Moss D, Kirk L. Evidence-based practice in biofeedback and neurofeedback. Foreword to C. Yucha & C. Gilbert. Evidence-based practice for biofeedback assisted behavioral therapy. 2004.
  6. Hammond D.C. What is neurofeedback? Journal of Neurotherapy. 2006; 10: 25-36.
  7. Wilson V E, Gunkelman J. Neurofeedback in sport. Biofeedback. 2001; 29(1): 16–8.
  8. Sandhu JS, Paul M, Agnihotri H. Biofeedback approach in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Iranian Journal of psychiatry. 2007;2(3):90-5.
  9. Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M. Methodological Note: Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. 2016 Apr 15;7(2):143-58.
  10. Nazari, M, A, Skandar Nezhad, M, Abdoli, B, vaez mousavi, M A. effect of neurofeedback training on electroencephalography characteristics and performance in archery. Psychological new research 2011; 22: 127-48. (In Persian)
  11. Kim J, Lee HM, Kim WJ, Park HJ, Kim SW, Moon DH, Woo M, Tennant LK. Neural correlates of pre-performance routines in expert and novice archers. Neuroscience letters. 2008; 21;445(3): 236-41.
  12. Salehi1 M, Amini H, Mohammad Zadeh H. Comparison of the effects of neurofeedback and mental imagery practice on the performance and learning of darts skill. neuropsychology. 2015; 1(1): 86- 103. (In Persian)
  13. Deeny SP, Haufler A J, Saffer M, and Hatfield B. Electroencephalographic coherence during visuomotor performance: A comparison of cortico-cortical communication in experts and novices. Journal of motor behaviour. 2009; 41: 106-16.
  14. Vernon D, Egner T, Cooper N, Compton T, Neilands C, Sheri A, Gruzelier J. The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance. International journal of psychology. 2003; 47:75–85.
  15. Salehi M, Amini H, Mohammad Zadeh H. Comparison of the effects of neurofeedback and mental imagery practice on the performance and learning of darts skill. neuropsychology. 2015; 1(1): 86- 103. (In Persian)
  16. Salehi M, Mohammad Zadeh H, Nazari MA. The effect of neurofeedback training on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. Motor behavior and sport psychology. 2013; 10: 739. (In Persian)
  17. Paul M, Sandhu S G, Simon J V. Effect of Sensory Motor Rhythm Neurofeedback on Psycho-physiological, Electro-encephalographic Measures and Performance of Archery Players. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Science. 2012; 4(2): 32-9.
  18. Zambotti M, Bianchin M, Magazzini L, Angrilli A. The efficacy of EEG neurofeedback aimed at enhancing sensory-motor rhythm theta ratio in healthy subjects. Experimental Brain research. 2012; 221:69–74.
  19. Salehi M, Mohammad Zadeh H, Nazari MA. The effect of neurofeedback training on performance and retention of dart throwing skill. Motor behavior and sport psychology. 2013; 10: 739. (In Persian)
  20. Wilson V E, Peper E, Moss D. “The mind room” in Italian soccer training: The use of biofeedback and neurofeedback for optimum performance. Biofeedback. 2006; 34 (3): 81–79.
  21. Landers D M, Petruzzello S J, Salazar W, Crews DJ, Kubitz KA, Gannon TL, Han M. The influence of electrocortical biofeedback on performance in pre-elite archers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1991. 23(1):123-9.
  22. Ring C, Cooke A, Kavussanu M, McIntyre D, Masters R. Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expediting expertise and excellence in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2015 Jan 31;16: 118-27.
  23. Atkinson R L, Atkinson R C, Smith E E, Bem D J, Hoeksema S N. Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology. Barahani M N. 16th. Tehran: Roshd publication. 2013.
  24. Good C D, Johnsrude I, Ashburner J, Henson R N, Friston K J, Frackowiak R S J. Cerebral Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handednesson Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal Adult Human Brains. Neuroimage journal. 2001; 14: 685–700.
  25. Moffat SD, Hampson E, Lee DH. Morphology of the planum temporale and corpus callosum in left handers with evidence of left and right hemisphere speech representation. Brain. 1998 Dec 1;121(12):2369-79.
  26. Moghadam A, NabaviNik M, Rezaeian F. A Comparing the effect of ipsi lateral and contra lateral of eye hand on accuracy of basketball free throw. Journal of sport psychology research. 2012; 8: 43-8. (In Persian)
  27. Propper RE, Pierce J, Geisler MW, Christman SD, Bellorado N. Asymmetry in Resting Alpha Activity: Effects of Handedness. Open Journal of Medical Psychology. 2012 Oct 31;1(04):86.
  28. Hervé PY, Crivello F, Perchey G, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Handedness and cerebral anatomical asymmetries in young adult males. Neuroimage. 2006 Feb 15;29(4): 1066-79.
  29. Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 2009 Jul 1;40(3): 180-9.
  30. AliPour A, AgahHaris M. validity and reliability of Persian version of edinburgh handedness questionnaire. Journal of Psychological Science. 2007; 6(22). 117-33. (In Persian)
  31. Galloway S, Lane A. The effects of biofeedback training on elite junior tennis players. Journal of sport psychology. 2005; 1: 1-10.
  32. Tanis C. The effects of heart rhythm variability biofeedback with emotional regulation on the athletic performance of women collegiate volleyball players. A dissertation for the degree of Ph.D. Thesis. Capella University. 2008.
  33. Lee K H. Evaluation of Attention and Relaxation Levels of Archers in Shooting Process using Brain Wave Signal Analysis Algorithms. NeuroSky Inc. 2009; 12: 341-50.
  34. Nada PJ, Demerdzieva A. Biofeedback Training for Peak Performance in Sport: Case Study. Macedonian journal of medical sciences. 2010; 15: 113-8.