Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D. in motor Behavior, Farhangian University
2 Assistant Professor of Sport Biomechanic and Motor Behavior, University of Mazandaran
Abstract
The working memory is the mind's search engine. Working memory is a cognitive function responsible for keeping immediate information, manipulating and its using in thinking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor programs on the working memory of students with specific learning disabilities with mathematical problems. The present experimental study is a pre-test and post-test one with control group. The target population includes male students from the third to fifth grades of elementary school. All subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (21) and control (20 subjects) groups. Sixteen sessions of peritoneal exercise were performed twice a week for the control group. The research instrument consisted of a revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children, a KM test, and a children's illness Symptom questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent T-test and Covariance analysis. The results showed that after intervention, the experimental group received better scores in the work memory test (P = 0.001), but the post-test control group did not show a change in their working memory scores. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that cognitive-motor exercises should be used to improve the memory performance of children with math disorders.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Luke Wakely M, Langham B. Physical activity of rurally residing children with a disability: A survey of parents and carers. Dis Health J. 2018; 11(1):31-5.
- Chaya MS, Nagendra H, Selvam S, Kurpad A, Srinivasan K. Effect of yoga on cognitive abilities in schoolchildren from a socioeconomically disadvantaged background: A randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(12):1161–7.
- Sharifi V, Asadi M, Mohammadi MR, Kaviani H, Semnani Y. Reliability and feasibility of the persion version of the structured diadnostic interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Ad cognitive sci. 2004; 6(2):10-22. (In Persian).
- Jenks K, Lieshout E. Arithmetic difficulties in children with cerebral palsy are related to executive function and working memoty. J Child Psycho Psy. 2009;50(7):824–32.
- Liu-Ambrose T, Handy TC. Resistance training and executive functions: A 12- month randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(1):170–8.
- Siminghalam M, Aliakbari A, Ahmadi Zadeh H. An investigation of bilateral coordination of children with specific learning disorder. J Para Sci Reha. 2016;5(1):7-13. (In Persian).
- Borght K, Havekes R, Bos T, Eggen B, Van der Zee E. Exercise improves memory acquisition and retrieval in the Y-Maze task: Relationship with hippocampal neurogenesis. Beh Neuro. 2007;121(2):324-34.
- Gruszka A, Nęcka E. Limitations of working memory capacity: The cognitive and social consequences. Euro Manag J. 2017; 35(6):776-84.
- Kramer AN F, Willis S L. Enhancing the cognitive vitality of older adults. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2007;11(2):173-7.
- Jenaroa C, Noelia F, Vanessa V, Maribel C, Carmen P, Víctor A. Torresd. Cyberbullying among adults with intellectual disabilities: Some preliminary data. Research Deve Dis. 2018; 72(1):265-74.
- Farjardo I. Arfe B. Benedetti P. Altoe GH. Categorization abilities and memory span as contributors to deaf users hypertext access. J Deaf Studies Edu. 2008;13(5):241-56.
- Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Pickering SJ. Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable? Child Development. 2006;77(4):1698–716.
- Macken B, Taylor JC, Jones DM. Language and short-term memory: The role of perceptual-motor affordance. J Exp Psy. 2014;40(5): 1257–70.
- Soori Z, Heirani A, Rafie F, Falahi Z. The effect of 8 weeks of perceptual-motor training on working memory in children with hearing loss. J Growth Le. 2017; 9(2):319-33. (In Persian).
- Seghatoleslami A, Shaikh M, Naghdi N, Arab Ameri E, Numvar Asl N. The effect of short-term activity on memory, learning and movement of male rats. J Growth Le. 2013;11(2):115-38. (In Persian).
- Ghorbanpour K, Pakdaman M, Rahmani MB, Hosseini GH. Effect of aerobic rhythmic movement training and games on short-term memory function and auditory memory of students with learning disabilities. Sci J Nursing Bin. 2013;4(1):35-43. (In Persian).
- Zanto TP. Causal role of the prefrontal cortex in top-down modulation of visual processing and working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 2011;14(5):656–61.
- Lambourne K. The relationship between working memory capacity and physical activity rates in young adults. J Sports Sci Med. 2006; 5(7):149–53.
- Sedigh H, Niusha B. The effect of Hatha Yoga exercises training on executive functions (attention, concentration and working memory) of students with writing disorders. Mid Eas J Dis Studies. 2017; 7:54-54. (In Persian).
- Safavi Homami Sh, Ghazinoor N, Abedi A. The effects of a training course with an emphasis on fine motor skills on executive functions of children with learning disorder. Motor Behavior. 2018;9(30):37-56. (In Persian).
- Memar Moghaddam M, Taheri H, Sohrabi Mashhadi A, Kashi A. Effects of a period of selected training program on the working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Motor Behavior. 2016;7(22):149-60. (In Persian).
- Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson. 2008;
- Thompson HL, Gathercole SE. Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. J Quarterly Exp Psychol. 2006;59(4):745-56.
- Mohammad Ismaeil E, Hooman HA. Adaptation and standardization of the IRAN KEY-MATH test of mathematics. J Exc Children. 2003; 2(4):323-32. (In Persian).
- Orki M, Haidari Sh. Effect of action video games on the selective focus of attention of dyslexic children. J Edu Sci Psy. 2015; 4(2):45-61. (In Persian).
- Kurtz LA. Understanding motor skills in children with dyspraxia, ADHD, autism, and other learning disabilities: A guide to improving coordination. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2007 Oct 15.
- Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4(2):705-11.
- Madden DJ, Blumenthal JA. Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical ftness on memory-search performance. Psychol Aging. 1998;3(5):280-5.
- Hu JP, Guo YH, Wang F, Zhao XP, Zhang QH, Song QH. Exercise improves cognitive function in aging patients. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(5):3144-9.
- Gomes da Silva S, Arida RM. Physical activity and brain development. Expert Rev Neurother. 2015;4(1):1041-51.
- Reinecke A, Rinck M, Becker ES. How preferential is the preferential encoding of threatening stimuli? Working memory biases in specific anxiety and the attentional blink. J Anx Dis. 2008; 22(4):32-47.
)