Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Tabriz
2 Neuropsychologist, Professor of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences
3 M. Sc. of Motor Behavior, University of Tabriz
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic activity with and without cognitive load on alerting network of attention. The research method was semi-experimental, with two experimental groups and one control group. For this purpose, 30 sedentary students with an average age of 22.63±1.92 years were selected by purposive sampling and assigned to three groups of 10. The experimental groups practiced specific training program for 16 sessions, but the control group didn’t receive any intervention. The participants before and after the training program were assessment by Attention Networks Test (ANT). For data analysis, the Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method was used. The results showed that there is no a significant difference between experimental groups and control group in alerting network. According to the results, it seems that effects of exercise on cognition depend on the nature of the cognitive functions and its brain substrates.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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25. Zeidabadi R, Arab Ameri E, Naghdi N, Bolouri B. The effect of low-intensity short and long term physical activity on spatial learning and memory in rat. Motor Behavior. 2014; 6(15): 155-72. (In Persian).
26. Abdoli B, Farsi A, Ekradi M. The impact of exercise behavior and decision on learn of the forehand table tennis skills. Olympic Quarterly. 2012; 19(4): 25-35. (In Persian).
27. Shayan A, Bagherzadeh F, Shahbazi M, choobineh S. The Effect of Two Types of Exercise (Endurance and Resistance) on Attention and Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels in Sedentary Students. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 2015; 6(4): 433-52. (In Persian).
28. Fan J, McCandliss B D, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner M I. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002; 14(3): 340-7.
29. Smit A S, Eling P A, Hopman M T, Coenen A M. Mental and physical effort affect vigilance differently. Int J Psychophysiol. 2005; 57(3): 211-7.
30. Floel A, Ruscheweyh R, Kruger K, Willemer C, Winter B, Volker K, et al. Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? Neuroimage. 2010; 49(3): 2756-63.
31. Gordon B A, Rykhlevskaia E I, Brumback C R, Lee Y, Elavsky S, Konopack J F, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education. Psychophysiology. 2008; 45(5): 825-38.
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33. Epstein M H. Coordinative aerobic exercise does not enhance attention and concentration in college students (Master thesis). Missoula: University of Montana; 2011.
34. Ross R M. The d2 test of attention: An examination of age, gender, and cross-cultural indices. 1thed .California: Argosy University; 2005. P. 32-37.
35. Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, Pietrabyk-Kendziorra S, Ribeiro P, Tidow G. Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neurosci Lett. 2008; 441(2): 219-23.
36. Chang E Ch, Chu Ch, Karageorghis C I, Wang C C, Tsai J H C, Wang Y S, et al. Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. J Sport Health Science. 2015; 27: 1-7.
37. Bailey E K, Douglas T, Wolff D, Bailey S. Coordinated and aerobic exercise do not improve attention in graduate students. Open Sports Sci J. 2014; 7: 203-7.
38. Bailey E, Douglas T J, Wolff D L, Bailey S. Impact of acute coordinative and aerobic exercise on attention in graduate students. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2010; 42(5): 432-40.
39. Moreau D, Morrison A B, Conway A R. An ecological approach to cognitive enhancement: Complex motor training. Acta Psychol. 2015; 157: 44-55.
40. Moreau D, Clerc J, Mansy-Dannay A, Guerrien A. Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice. J Individual Differences. 2012; 33(2): 83-8.
41. Tang Y. Post-learning activities and memory consolidation: The effect of physical and cognitive activities on memory consolidation (Master thesis). Ohio: Oberlin College; 2013.
42. Stones M J, Kozma A. Physical activity, age and cognitive/ motor performance. In L. Howe & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988. P. 271-321.
43. Bunce D, Murden F. Age, aerobic fitness, executive function, and episodic memory. Eur J Cogn Psychol. 2006; 18(2): 221-33.
44. Colcombe S, Kramer A F. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003; 14(2): 125-30.
45. Renaud M, Bherer L, Maquestiaux F. A high level of physical fitness is associated with more efficient response preparation in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010; 65(3): 317-22.
46. Sibley B A, Beilock S L. Exercise and working memory: An individual differences investigation. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007; 29(6): 783-91.
47. Rabbit P. Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function. United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 1997. P. 1-38.
2. Perez L, Padilla C, Parmentier F B, Andres P. The effects of chronic exercise on attentional networks. Plos One. 2014; 9(7): 101478.
3. Narimani M, Rajabi S, Abolghasemi A, Nazarei M A, Zahed A. Evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback on modify the brain waves and the attention of students with dyslexia. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counselings. 2012; 2(1): 5-24. (In Persian).
4. Posner M I, Petersen S E. The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990; 13: 25-42.
5. Posner M I, Rothbart M K. Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007; 58: 1-23.
6. Fan J, Gu X, Guise K G, Liu X, Fossella J, Wang H, et al. Testing the behavioral interaction and integration of attentional networks. Brain Cogn. 2009; 70(2): 209-20.
7. Fan J, McCandliss B D, Fossella J, Flombaum J I, Posner M I. The activation of attentional networks. Neuroimage. 2005; 26(2): 471-9.
8. Callejas A, Lupianez J, Funes M J, Tudela P. Modulations among the alerting, orienting and executive control networks. Exp Brain Res. 2005; 167(1): 27-37.
9. Rothbart M K, Posner M I. Temperament, attention, and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), In handbook of developmental psychopathology, revised. New York: Wiley; 2006. P. 167-88.
10. Smith A M, Spiegler K M, Sauce B, Wass C D, Sturzoiu T, Matzel L D. Voluntary aerobic exercise increases the cognitive enhancing effects of working memory training. Behav Brain Res. 2013; 256: 626-35.
11. Cotman C W, Berchtold N C, Christie L A. Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007; 30(9): 464-72.
12. Ekstrand J, Hellsten J, Tingström A. Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2008; 442(3): 203-7.
13. Stranahan A M, Khalil D, Gould E. Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus. 2007; 17(11): 1017-22.
14. Bednarczyk M R, Aumont A, Decary S, Bergeron R, Fernandes K J. Prolonged voluntary wheel‐running stimulates neural precursors in the hippocampus and forebrain of adult CD1 mice. Hippocampus. 2009; 19(10): 913-27.
15. Huertas F, Zahonero J, Sanabria D, Lupianez J. Functioning of the attentional networks at rest vs. during acute bouts of aerobic exercise. J Sport Exercise Psy. 2011; 33(5): 649-65.
16. Chang Y K, Pesce C, Chiang Y T, Kuo C Y, Fong D Y. Antecedent acute cycling exercise affects attention control: An ERP study using attention network test. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015; 9: 1-13.
17. Mahoney C R, Hirsch E, Hasselquist L, Lesher L L, Lieberman H R. The effects of movement and physical exertion on soldier vigilance. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007; 78(1): 51-7.
18. Lambourne K, Tomporowski P. The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A meta-regression analysis. Brain Res. 2010; 1341: 12-24.
19. Rueda M R, Checa P, Combita L M. Enhanced efficiency of the executive attention network after training in preschool children: Immediate changes and effects after two months. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012; 2: 192-204.
20. Fathirezaie Z, Farsi A, Vaez Mousavi M K, Zamani Sani Sh. Effect of cognitive training on efficiency of executive control network of attention. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2015; 11(3): 160-78. (In Persian).
21. Eggenberger P, Schumacher V, Angst M, Theill N, De Bruin E D. Does multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training boost cognitive performance in older adults? A 6-month randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up. Clin Interv Aging. 2015; 10: 1335-49.
22. Rahe J, Becker J, Fink G R, Kessler J, Kukolja J, Rahn A, et al. Cognitive training with and without additional physical activity in healthy older adults: Cognitive effects, neurobiological mechanisms, and prediction of training success. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015; 7: 187-95.
23. Black J E, Isaacs K R, Anderson B J, Alcantara A A, Greenough W T. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87(14): 5568-72.
24. Maleki M, Bahram A, Farrokhi A, Rajabi H, Yaryari F. Effect of different intensities of aerobic physical exercise on performance of visual choice reaction time and Stroop test. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2011; 5(3): 1-12. (In Persian).
25. Zeidabadi R, Arab Ameri E, Naghdi N, Bolouri B. The effect of low-intensity short and long term physical activity on spatial learning and memory in rat. Motor Behavior. 2014; 6(15): 155-72. (In Persian).
26. Abdoli B, Farsi A, Ekradi M. The impact of exercise behavior and decision on learn of the forehand table tennis skills. Olympic Quarterly. 2012; 19(4): 25-35. (In Persian).
27. Shayan A, Bagherzadeh F, Shahbazi M, choobineh S. The Effect of Two Types of Exercise (Endurance and Resistance) on Attention and Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels in Sedentary Students. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 2015; 6(4): 433-52. (In Persian).
28. Fan J, McCandliss B D, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner M I. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002; 14(3): 340-7.
29. Smit A S, Eling P A, Hopman M T, Coenen A M. Mental and physical effort affect vigilance differently. Int J Psychophysiol. 2005; 57(3): 211-7.
30. Floel A, Ruscheweyh R, Kruger K, Willemer C, Winter B, Volker K, et al. Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? Neuroimage. 2010; 49(3): 2756-63.
31. Gordon B A, Rykhlevskaia E I, Brumback C R, Lee Y, Elavsky S, Konopack J F, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education. Psychophysiology. 2008; 45(5): 825-38.
32. Boucard G K, Albinet C T, Bugaiska A, Bouquet C A, Clarys D, Audiffren M. Impact of physical activity on executive functions in aging: A selective effect on inhibition among old adults. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012; 34(6): 808-27.
33. Epstein M H. Coordinative aerobic exercise does not enhance attention and concentration in college students (Master thesis). Missoula: University of Montana; 2011.
34. Ross R M. The d2 test of attention: An examination of age, gender, and cross-cultural indices. 1thed .California: Argosy University; 2005. P. 32-37.
35. Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, Pietrabyk-Kendziorra S, Ribeiro P, Tidow G. Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neurosci Lett. 2008; 441(2): 219-23.
36. Chang E Ch, Chu Ch, Karageorghis C I, Wang C C, Tsai J H C, Wang Y S, et al. Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. J Sport Health Science. 2015; 27: 1-7.
37. Bailey E K, Douglas T, Wolff D, Bailey S. Coordinated and aerobic exercise do not improve attention in graduate students. Open Sports Sci J. 2014; 7: 203-7.
38. Bailey E, Douglas T J, Wolff D L, Bailey S. Impact of acute coordinative and aerobic exercise on attention in graduate students. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2010; 42(5): 432-40.
39. Moreau D, Morrison A B, Conway A R. An ecological approach to cognitive enhancement: Complex motor training. Acta Psychol. 2015; 157: 44-55.
40. Moreau D, Clerc J, Mansy-Dannay A, Guerrien A. Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice. J Individual Differences. 2012; 33(2): 83-8.
41. Tang Y. Post-learning activities and memory consolidation: The effect of physical and cognitive activities on memory consolidation (Master thesis). Ohio: Oberlin College; 2013.
42. Stones M J, Kozma A. Physical activity, age and cognitive/ motor performance. In L. Howe & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988. P. 271-321.
43. Bunce D, Murden F. Age, aerobic fitness, executive function, and episodic memory. Eur J Cogn Psychol. 2006; 18(2): 221-33.
44. Colcombe S, Kramer A F. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003; 14(2): 125-30.
45. Renaud M, Bherer L, Maquestiaux F. A high level of physical fitness is associated with more efficient response preparation in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010; 65(3): 317-22.
46. Sibley B A, Beilock S L. Exercise and working memory: An individual differences investigation. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007; 29(6): 783-91.
47. Rabbit P. Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function. United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 1997. P. 1-38.
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