Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Semnan

2 M.Sc. of Motor Behavior, Ahvaz, Khoozestan

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare a period of selected training program in green and indoor spaces on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this clinical trial study, the number of 120 girl’s students of elementary school of Ahvaz city with ADHD between seven to 11 years old were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Than Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4) that designed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria (DSM-IV) was completed by teachers and parents. Afterward 48 of them with the highest-deficit hyperactivity disorder were selected randomly and put with four groups of 12 patients (Aerobic training in green space group, Aerobic training in indoor spaces group, a normal activity in the green space group and the control group). Aerobic training protocols in the green and indoor space were performed three sessions per week for eight weeks with a Maximum Heart Rate Reserve‌ 60 – 85% (25 to 35 minutes per session). For statistical analysis ANCOVA with LSD post hoc analysis was used. The results showed that aerobic training in the green spaces group had a significant effect on the treatment of ADHD symptoms compared to other groups (P<0.05). As a result, aerobic training in green spaces can be used as therapeutic procedures with a positive effect on reducing symptoms (Hyperactivity, Attention deficit, Restlessness and Impulsivity) to children with ADHD.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Chang Y K, Hung C L, Huang C J, Hatfield B D, Hung T M. Effects of an aquatic exercise program on inhibitory control in children with ADHD: A preliminary study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2014; 29(3): 217-23.
  2. Visser S N, Bitsko R H, Danielson M L, Perou R, Blumberg S J. Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder among children—United States, 2003 and 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010; 59(44): 1439-43.
  3. Moayedi F, Moayedi A, Goli G, Hemedi Y. [Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Bandarabbas primary school students in 2010]. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences 2013; 3(17): 12-8. (Persian)
  4. Kaplan S. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1995; 15(3): 169-82.
  5. Kieling C, Goncalves R R, Tannock R, Castellanos F X. Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2008; 17(2): 285-307.
  6. Barkley R A, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006; 45(2): 192-202.
  7. Asgharzadeh S F, Poursharifi H. The effect of narrative therapy on social adjustment improvement in children with conduct disorder. Journal of Educational Sciences. 2011; 4(14): 13-23. (In Persian).
  8. Mozafari S, Rouhi H, Saatchian V, Kalani O. Correlation between conflict management strategies and emotional intelligence of coaches of sports teams in East-Azerbaijan Province. Journal of Sports Management. 2011; 13: 99-113. (In Persian).
  9. Biederman J, Spencer T. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999; 46(9): 1234-42.
  10. Volkow N D, Wang G J, Fowler J S, Gatley S J, Logan J, Ding Y S, et al. Dopamine transporter occupancies in the human brain induced by therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 155(10): 1325-31.
  11. Maddigan B, Hodgson P, Heath S, Dick B, John K S, McWilliam-Burton T, et al. The effects of massage therapy & exercise therapy on children/ adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review. 2003; 12(2): 40-8.
  12. Bahram M E, Assarian F, Atoof F, Taghadosi M, Akkasheh N, Akkasheh G. Effect of a 12-week interval running program on female primary school students with ADHD. Kaums Journal (Feyz). 2014; 18(2): 151-8. (In Persian).
  13. Frumkin H. Healthy places: Exploring the evidence. American Journal of Public Health. 2003; 93(9): 1451-6.
  14. Gatab T A, Pirhayti S. The effect of the selected exercise on male students’ happiness and mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 46: 2702-5.
  15. Azrin N H, Vinas V, Ehle C T. Physical activity as reinforcement for classroom calmness of ADHD children: A preliminary study. Child & Family Behavior Therapy. 2007; 29(2): 1-8.
  16. Yun H S, Park M S, Ji E S, Kim T W, Ko I G, Kim H B, et al. Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder through reducing Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2014; 10(1): 22-30.
  17. Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk M L. The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD. A meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2016; 1087054715627489, (PMID:26861158).
  18. Maller C, Townsend M, Pryor A, Brown P, St Leger L. Healthy nature healthy people: Contact with nature’as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International. 2006; 21(1): 45-54.
  19. McCurdy L E, Winterbottom K E, Mehta S S, Roberts J R. Using nature and outdoor activity to improve children's health. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 2010; 40(5): 102-17.
  20. Pretty J, Peacock J, Sellens M, Griffin M. The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2005; 15(5): 319-37.
  21. Kearns R A, Joseph A E. Space in its place: Developing the link in medical geography. Social Science & Medicine. 1993; 37(6): 711-7.
  22. Mitchell R, Astell-Burt T, Richardson E A. A comparison of green space indicators for epidemiological research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2011; 65, 853-8.
  23. Ulrich R S. Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. Behavior and the Natural Environment. 1983; 6: 85-125.
  24. Bowler D E, Buyung-Ali L M, Knight T M, Pullin A S. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10(1): 456.
  25. Bakhshipour E, Rahnama N, Sourtiji H, Eskandari Z, Izadi Najafabadi S. Comparing the effects of an aerobic exercise program and group-based play therapy on the balance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2013; 9(2): 161-70. (in Persian).
  26. Nazer M, Mokhtaree M. Effect of exercise therapy on symptoms of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in students of primary schools in Rafsanjan. Community Health Journal. 2013; 7(1): 50-7. (In Persian).
  27. Sarli A S M, Bagherzadeh F. Investigate effectiveness of perceptual- motor tasks on visual and auditory attention of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Motor Behavior. 2014; 15: 59-72. (In Persian).
  28. Mahon A D, Dean R S, McIntosh D E, Marjerrison A D, Cole A S, Woodruff M E, et al. Acute exercise effects on measures of attention and Impulsivity in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology. 2013; 3(2): 65.
  29. Monteggia L M, Barrot M, Powell C M, Berton O, Galanis V, Gemelli T, et al. Essential role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult hippocampal function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004; 101(29): 10827-32.
  30. Salianeh M A, Hemayattalab R, Sheikh M, Naghdi N. The effect of forced physical exercise with moderate intensity on Alzheimer-Induced Amnesia in adult male rats. Journal of Development and Motor Learning (Harakat). 2016; 8(1): 1-25. (In Persian).
  31. Hansmann R, Hug S M, Seeland K. Restoration and stress relief through physical activities in forests and parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2007; 6(4): 213-25.
  32. Völker S, Kistemann T. The impact of blue space on human health and well-being–salutogenetic health effects of inland surface waters: A review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2011; 214(6): 449-60.
  33. Mitchell R. Is physical activity in natural environments better for mental health than physical activity in other environments? Social Science & Medicine. 2013; 91: 130-4.
  34. Ulrich R S, Simons R F, Losito B D, Fiorito E, Miles M A, Zelson M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1991; 11(3): 201-30.
  35. Taylor A F, Kuo F E, Sullivan W C. Coping with ADD the surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behavior. 2001; 33(1): 54-77.
  36. Jafari M N, Barzegar Bafrooee K. Effectiveness of the training, play therapy Axlin approach on improving children's coping with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Tech J Engin & App Sci. 2014; 4(3): 170-5.
  37. Jeong H I, Ji E S, Kim Sh, Kim T W, Baek S B, Choi S W. Treadmill exercise improves spatial learning ability by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder rats. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2014; 10(3): 162-7.
  38. Gapin J I, Etnier J L. Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2014; 3(4): 320-5.
  39. Choi J W, Han D H, Kang K D, Jung H Y, Renshaw P F. Aerobic exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Brain research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015; 47(1): 33-9.
  40. Kosari S, Keyhani F, Hamayttalab R, Arab A E. Effact of selected physical activity program on the development of motor skills in attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic (HFA) children. Journal of Development and Motor Learning (Harakat). 2013; 10: 45-60. (In Persian).
  41. Kaplan R. The nature of the view from home psychological benefits. Environment and Behavior. 2001; 33(4): 507-42. (In Persian).