Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Isfahan
2 M.Sc. in Motor Behavior, University of Isfahan
Abstract
End-state comfort (ESC) effect defined as the tendency to assume comfortable postures at the end rather than at the beginning of simple object manipulation tasks. This characteristic has been used to assess the behavioral effects of action\motor planning. The aim of this investigation was to assess the developmental trends in motor planning in a group of typically developing male children aged 3 to 10 years (Mean age:6.06±2.25 years; N=97) and compare with a group of male young adults aged 18 to 24 years (Mean age:20.70±2.13 years; N=20). The participants performed a motor planning task (sword task) in which they needed to grasp a wooden play sword and place it into a slot. The percentage of comfortable end postures in both the critical orientations and the control orientations were evaluated. The results revealed an age effect for the percentage of comfortable end postures in the critical orientations, as evidenced by the finding that older children more often showed the ESC effect compared with younger children, and only 10-year-old children reached the same level of sensitivity to ESC as adults. In sum, the study showed that sensitivity to ESC like adults will develop until 10 years of age in children.
Keywords
Main Subjects
2. Janssen L, Meulenbroek RG, Steenbergen B. Behavioral evidence for left-hemisphere specialization of motor planning. Exp Brain Res. 2011;209(1):65-72.
3. Rosenbaum DA, Meulenbroek RJ, Vaughan J, Jansen C. Posture-based motion planning: Applications to grasping. Psychol Rev. 2001;108(4):709-34.
4. Adalbjornsson CF, Fischman MG, Rudisill ME. The end-state comfort effect in young children. Res Q Exercise Sport. 2008;79(1):36-41.
5. Jongbloed-Pereboom M, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, Saraber-Schiphorst N, Crajé C, Steenbergen B. Anticipatory action planning increases from 3 to 10years of age in typically developing children. J Exp Child Psychol. 2013;114(2):295-305.
6. Manoel EdJ, Moreira CRP. Planning manipulative hand movements: Do young children show the end-state comfort effect? J Hum Movement Stud. 2005;49(2):93-114.
7. Thibaut J-P, Toussaint L. Developing motor planning over ages. J Exp Child Psychol. 2010;105(1):116-29.
8. Stöckel T, Hughes CM, Schack T. Representation of grasp postures and anticipatory motor planning in children. Psychol Res. 2012;76(6):768-76.
9. Newell KM. Constraints on the development of coordination. In: Wade MG, Whiting HTA, editors. Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control. Dordrecht, Germany: Martinus Nijhoff; 1986. p. 341-60.
10. Smyth MM, Mason UC. Planning and execution of action in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. J Child Psychol Psyc. 1997;38(8):1023-37.
11. van Swieten LM, van Bergen E, Williams JH, Wilson AD, Plumb MS, Kent SW, et al. A test of motor (not executive) planning in developmental coordination disorder and autism. J Exp Psychol Human. 2010;36(2):493-9.
12. Janssen L, Steenbergen B. Typical and atypical (cerebral palsy) development of unimanual and bimanual grasp planning. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):963-71.
13. Scharoun SM, Bryden PJ. The development of end- and beginning-state comfort in a cup manipulation task. Dev Psychobiol. 2014;56(3):407-20.
14. Craje C, Aarts P, Nijhuis-van der Sanden M, Steenbergen B. Action planning in typically and atypically developing children (unilateral cerebral palsy). Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(5):1039-46.
15. Jongbloed-Pereboom M, Spruijt S, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, Steenbergen B. Measurement of action planning in children, adolescents, and adults: A comparison between 3 tasks. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2016;28(1):33-9.
16. Ferrel C, Bard C, Fleury M. Coordination in childhood: Modifications of visuomotor representations in 6-to 11-year-old children. Exp Brain Res. 2001;138(3):313-21.
17. Hay L, Bard C, Ferrel C, Olivier I, Fleury M. Role of proprioceptive information in movement programming and control in 5 to 11-year old children. Hum Movement SCI. 2005;24(2):139-54.
18. Casey BJ, Galvan A, Hare TA. Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005;15(2):239-44.
19. Weigelt M, Kunde W, Prinz W. End-state comfort in bimanual object manipulation. Exp Psychol. 2006;53(2):143-8.
20. Casey BJ, Tottenham N, Liston C, Durston S. Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9(3):104-10.
21. Bryden P, Roy E, Spence J. An observational method of assessing handedness in children and adults. Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;32(3):825-46.
22. Weigelt M, Schack T. The development of end-state comfort planning in preschool children. Exp Psychol. 2010;57(6):476-782.
23. Steenbergen B, Meulenbroek RGJ, Rosenbaum DA. Constraints on grip selection in hemiparetic cerebral palsy: Effects of lesional side, end-point accuracy, and context. Cognitive Brain Res. 2004;19(2):145-59.
24. Piaget J. The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press; 1952.
25. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC, Goodway J. Understanding motor development: Infant, children, adolescents, adults. 7 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
26. Gallahue DL, Cleland-Donnelly F. Developmental physical education for today’s children. 4 ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2003.
27. Rosenbaum DA, Vaughan J, Jorgensen MJ, Barnes HJ, Stewart E. Plans for object manipulation. In: Meyer DE, Kornblum S, editors. Attention and perfor-mance iv: Silver jubilee: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence and cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1993. p. 803-20.
28. Rosenbaum DA, Marchak F, Barnes HJ, Vaughan J, Slotta JD, Jorgensen MJ. Constraints for action selection: Overhand versus underhand grips. In: Jeannerod M, editor. Attention and performance 13: Motor representation and control. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1990. p. 321-42.
29. Fischman MG. End-state comfort in object manipulation. Res Q Exercise Sport. 1997;68(Suppl):A-60.
30. Cazzato V, Basso D, Cutini S, Bisiacchi P. Gender differences in visuospatial planning: An eye movements study. Behav Brain Res. 2010;206(2):177-83.
31. Naglieri JA, Rojahn J. Gender differences in planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive (pass) cognitive processes and achievement. J Educ Psychol. 2001;93(2):430-7.
)