Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Alzahra University
2 Alzahra university
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the distance perception between indoor and outdoor sports athletes in the indoor and outdoor conditions at far and near distances. A total of 40 male athletes were selected (sports experience about 5 years and age range between 20 to 35 years), which included 10 taekwondo (individual and indoor), 10 tennis (individual and outdoor), 10 volleyball (team and indoor) and 10 football (team and outdoor). The standard Direct Blind Walking Test were used to measure distance perception. The test was performed in four different conditions (indoor and outdoor, at a distance of 3 and 10 meters). The error rate to achieve the target (distance perception indicator), and movement time and step length (performance indicator) was recorded. The results of combined analysis of variance with repeated measurements (2×2×4) showed that there was no significant difference between errors of the outdoor and indoor sports athletes, but the single athletes' error was significantly higher than the team athletes. The movement time of indoor and team athlete groups in outdoor and 10 distance conditions was significantly higher than outdoor and single groups respectively. There was no significant difference in the step length of the athletes in outdoor and indoor sports groups, but the step length of single athletes was significantly higher than that of the team group. These findings show that Sport type and exercise environment effect on development of athlete’s distance perception and performance.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Sage, George H. Motor learning and control: A neuropsychological approach. 2th Tehran: Sonbole Publisher; 1999. p. 773-83. (In Persian)
- Irvani, M., Khodapanahi, M.K. Perception and Emotion Psychology. 2th Tehran, Samt. Publisher; 2000. p.79. (In Persian)
- Golchin, M., karimi, M., Abedi, H.A. Physical effects of thalassemia on adolescents. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2004; 9 (4). (In Persian)
- Shabani, M. Motor Development. 1ed. Tehran, Bonyan olum. 2003; p. 5-211
- Haywood, K., Getchell, N. life Span Motor Development. 5th Champaign. IL: Human Kinetic; 2009, p. 276-312. (In Persian)
- John W, Philbeck A J, Woods C K, Petra Z A. comparison of blindpulling and blindwalking as measures of perceived absolute distance. Behavior Research Methods. 2010; (42):148-60.
- Losa M, Fusco A, Morone G. Paolucci, S. Walking there: Environmental influence on walking-distance estimation. Behavioral Brain Research. 2012; (226): 124–32.
- Oliver S, daum, Heiko, Hecht. Distance estimation in vista space. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2009; (71-5), 1127-3.
- Jeffery A, Sheena R. Using verbal and blind-walking distance estimates to investigate the two visual systems hypotheses. Perception & Psychophysics. 2006; (68): 353-61.
- Bredin J, Kerlirzin Y, Israël I. Path integration: is there a difference between athletes and non-athletes? Experimental Brain Research. 2005; (167):3–4.
- Alastair, D. Christina, J.Howard, and N. A. Kirsten, C. Going the distance: spatial scale of athletic experience affects the accuracy of path integration. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2010; (206):93–8.
- Farsi R, Abdoli, B., Ghotbi M. The effect of primary colors on depth perception in athletes. Motor Behavior & sport psychology. 2011; (6): 441-447. (In Persian)
- Ghotbi M, Farsi A. R, Abdoli B. Effect of warm and cold colors on athletes’ depth perception in ball and no ball games. Motor Behavior 2014; (16): 43-54. (In Persian)
- E, Razdan. S, Tahmasebi Broujeni. Sh. The Effect of Spectator–induced Arousal on Depth Perception and Spatial Memory in Female Student Athletes. Motor Behavior. Fall 2016; 8 (25): 121-38. (In Persian)
- Eskandarnejad M, Rezaei F, Jahedi M. The effect of sports participation on depth perception in elderly. Faslname parastary salmand. 2016; 2(3): 81-90. (In Persian)
- Eskandarnejad M, Taghizadeh S. A comparison of distance perception in active and inactive elderly with an emphasis on physical activity. 2015; 2(1): 79-90. (In Persian)
- Abdollahzadeh K, Mohamadzadeh H, Dehghanizadeh J. Compare perception between athletes and non-athletes. Motor Behavior. 2014; (15):85-98. (In Persian)
- Button C, Schofield M, Croft J. Distance perception in an open water environment: Analysis of individual differences. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2016 Apr 1; 78(3):915-22.
- Healy AF, Tack LA, Schneider VI, Barshi I. Training specificity and transfer in time and distance estimation. Memory & cognition. 2015 Jul 1; 43(5):736-47.
- Norman JF, Adkins OC, Dowell CJ, Shain LM, Hoyng SC, Kinnard JD. The visual perception of distance ratios outdoors. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2017 May 1; 79(4):1195-203.
- Philbeck JW, Woods AJ, Arthur J, Todd J. Progressive locomotor recalibration during blind walking. Percept Psychophys. 2008; 70:1459–70.
- Cheraghi F, Samiei S. Comparison of Psycho – Social Development of Thalassemic and Healthy School-Aged Children in Tehran. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 1998; 5 (1). (In Persian)
- Dominici N, Daprati E, Nico D, Ceappellini G, Lvanenko Y P, Lacquaniti F. Changes in the limb kinematics and walking-distance estimation after shank elongation: evidence for a locomotor body schema? Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009; (101):19–29.
)