Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. of Sport Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Gonbad Kavoos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonbad Kavoos, Iran

Abstract

Designed motoring programs for hyperactivity-induced children can lead to visible improvement in their behavioral problems. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of perceptual-motor exercises and resistance-balance exercises on behavioral disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In the current research, a semi-experimental design with two groups design with control group was used. A total of 36 boy children aged 12 to 5 years (18 preschoolers and 18 primary school children) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who visited the Zehnara rehabilitation clinic in Tehran, randomly assigned to two experimental groups (perceptual-motor exercises) and (resistance-balance exercises) and control group. For data screening and collection, Conners Parents Rating Questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used and the results were analyzed using covariance analysis and Ben-fronni post hoc test. The results showed that the effect of perceptual-motor and resistance-balance exercises on reducing behavioral disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was significant (P <0.001).However, the results of Ben-fronni post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference between two experimental groups in reducing behavioral disorders (P <0.005). According to research results it can be said that motor activity with emphasis on perceptual-motor and resistance-balance exercises can reduce the behavioral disorders of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and use of these programs in the treatment of these children is suggested.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Kousha M, Dalili S, Kiani SA, Zare M, Karambin MM, Heidarzadeh A, et al. BMI changes in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before and after treatment with methylphenidate. Iran J Pediatr. 2018;28(2):7954.
  2. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's pocket handbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 287.
  3. Razjouyan K, Danesh A, Khademi M, Davari-Ashtiani R, Noorbakhsh S. A comparative study of risperidone and aripiprazole in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children under six years old: A randomized double-blind study. Iran J Pediatr. 2018;28(1):60087. (In Persian).
  4. Sattari M, Hosseini SA, Rassafiani M, Mahmoudi Gharaei MJ, Biglariau A, Tarkesh Esfahani N. Prevalence of comorbidity behavioral disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity. Archives Rehabil. 2017;18(1):25-32. (In Persian)
  5. Tankersley M, Landrum TJ. Comorbidity of emotional and behavioral disorders. Issue Educ Stud Disabil. 1997; 8(1):153-73.
  6. Al-Yagon M. Comorbid LD and ADHD in childhood: Socio-emotional and behavioral adjustment and parents' positive and negative affect. Eur J Spec Needs Educ. 2009;24(4):371-91.
  7. Achenbach TM, Howell CT, Quay HC, Conners CK, Bates JE. National survey of problems and competencies among four-to sixteen-year-olds: Parents' reports for normative and clinical samples. Monogr Soc Res Child Develop. 1991;6(3):1-130.
  8. Gadow KD, DeVincent CJ, Schneider J. Comparative study of children with ADHD only, autism spectrum disorder+ ADHD, and chronic multiple tic disorder+ ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009;12(5):474-85.
  9. Karlsgodt KH, Bato AA, Ikuta T, Peters BD, DeRosse P, Szeszko PR, et al. Functional activation during a cognitive control task in healthy youth specific to externalizing or internalizing behaviors. Biol Psychiatr Cognit Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3(2):133-40.
  10. Sugden D, Chambers M, eds. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. London, UK: Whurr Publishers; 2005.
  11. Amiri S, Noorazar SG, Fakhari A, Gorji Darounkolaee A, Bahari Gharehgoz A. Knowledge and attitudes of preschool teachers regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Iran J Pediatr. 2017;27(1):3834. (In Persian).
  12. Faust A, Nickelson R. A review of the role of cerebellum in dyslexia. Res Except Child. 2009;9(3):255-72.
  13. Saha T, Chatterjee M, Verma D, Ray A, Sinha S, Rajamma U, Mukhopadhyay K. Genetic variants of the folate metabolic system and mild hyperhomocysteinemia may affect ADHD associated behavioral problems. Prog neuro-psychopharmacol biol psychiatr. 2018;84:1-10.
  14. Banaschewski T, Besmens F, Zieger H, Rothenberger A. Evaluation of sensorimotor training in children with ADHD. Percept mot skills. 2001;92(1):137-49.
  15. Suarez-Manzano S, Ruiz-Ariza A, De La Torre-Cruz M, Martínez-López EJ. Acute and chronic effect of physical activity on cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD: A systematic review of intervention studies. Res Develop Disabil. 2018;77:12-23.
  16. Majorek. M, Tüchelmann. T, Heusser. P. Therapeutic Eurythmy-movement therapy for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a pilot study. Complement ther nurs midwifery. 2004;10(1):46-53.
  17. Shafizadeh A, Mohamadi Z. The effect of 8 weeks of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in mentally retarded children 8 to 10 years. MBJ. 2017;9(27):105-18. (In Persian).
  18. Sadeghi F, Safavi Sh, Nezakatoalhosani M. Effect of Perceptual- Motor Exercise on Social Growth in Educatable mentally low ability children. MBJ. 2017;9(28):37-52. (In Persian).
  19. Dehghan F, Behnia F, Amiri N, Pishyareh E, Safarkhani M. The effectiveness of using perceptual-motor practices on behavioral disorder among five to eight-year-old children with attention deficit hyper activity disorder. Advances Cognit Sci. 2010;12(3):82-96. (In Persian).
  20. San Chang Y, Wu YH, Hsu CY, Tang SH, Yang LL, Su SF. Impairment of perceptual and motor abilities at the end of a night shift is greater in nurses working fast rotating shifts. Sleep Med. 2011;12(9):866-9.
  21. Nilsagård YE, von Koch LK, Nilsson M, Forsberg AS. Balance exercise program reduced falls in people with multiple sclerosis: A single-group, pretest-posttest trial. Archives Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(12): 2428-34.
  22. Filipi ML, Leuschen MP, Huisinga J, Schmaderer L, Vogel J, Kucera D, et al. Impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2013;15(SUPPL. 1):24-33.
  23. Salehi M, Rahimi R, Amini H, Bayatpour M. The effect of fine motor activities on development and improving attention in girls students with emphasis on the montessori method. MBJ. 2017;9(29):33-50. (In Persian).
  24. Ghobari Bonab B, Parand A, Hossein Khanzade Firoozjah AA, Movalleli G, Nemati S. Evaluation of the onset behavior problems among primary school students in Tehran. J Except Child. 2009;9(3):223-38. (In Persian).
  25. Hemmati S, Arniri N, Teymouri R, Garib M. Co-morbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette syndrome in child referral psychiatry clinic in Iran. Archives Rehabil. 2011;9:63-5. (In Persian).
  26. Engel-Yeger B, Ziv-On D. The relationship between sensory processing difficulties and leisure activity preference of children with different types of ADHD. Res Dev Disabilit. 2011;32(3):1154-62.
  27. Torabi F, Tavakoli E. Pediatric motor problems with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and therapeutic strategies. J Except Educ. 2015;15(1):39-48. (In Persian).
  28. Harvey WJ, Reid G. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of research on movement skill performance and physical fitness. Adapt Phys Act Quarterly. 2003;20(1):1-25.
  29. Chu S, Reynolds F. Occupational therapy for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), part 1: A delineation model of practice. Br J Occup Ther. 2007;70(9):372-83.
  30. Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN. The revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998; 26(4):257-68.
  31. Farmand A. Usefulness of combined treatment: group program of positive parental style effectiveness and pharmacotherapy on symptoms and parental style of 3-12 years' children with ADHD in comparison with only one of them. [Phd Dissertation]: [Tehran]. University of Welfare and Rehabilitation; 2006. (In Persian).
  32. Shahayan A, Shahim S, Bashash L, Yousefi F. Standardization, factor analysis and reliability of Parents Short form Parents Converters Grading Scale for Children 6-11 years old in Shiraz. J Psychol Stud. 2007;3(3):97-120. (In Persian).
  33. Achenbach TM, Dumenci L, Rescorla LA. Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6-18, TRF, and YSR. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont. 2001:1-9.
  34. Hellgren L, Carina Gillberg I, Bågenholm A, Gillberg C. Children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 1994;35(7):1255-71.
  35. Ahadi B. Comparison of behavioral problems and academic achievement in children with and without motor problems. J Rehabil. 2009;10(37):32-6. (In Persian).
  36. Reini V. Growth and enhance perceptual-motor skills in children. Trans Sazmand H, Tabatabaii-Neia M. 3th edition. Tehran: Danje Publication; 2009. p. 10-60.
  37. Chuang LY, Tsai YJ, Chang YK, Huang CJ, Hung TM. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on response preparation in a Go/No Go Task in children with ADHD: An ERP study. J Sport Health Sci. 2015;4(1):82-8.
  38. Piepmeier AT, Shih CH, Whedon M, Williams LM, Davis ME, Henning DA, et al. The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and without ADHD. J Sport Health Sci. 2015;4(1):97-104.
  39. Wigal SB, Emmerson N, Gehricke, JG, Galassetti P. Exercise: Applications to childhood ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(4):279-90.
  40. Vardiskoni AF, vasokelayi AR. A review of the role of the cerebellum in dyslexia. Except Child J. 2009;9(3):255-72.
  41. Harvey WJ, Reid G. Motor performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary investigation. Adapt Phys Act Quarterly. 1997;14(3):189-202.
  42. Harvey WJ, Reid G, Grizenko N, Mbekou V, Ter-Stepanian M, Joober R. Fundamental movement skills and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Peer comparisons and stimulant effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007;35(5):871-82.
  43. Yochman. A, Ornoy. A, Parush. S. Perceptuomotor functioning in preschool children with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Percept Mot Skills. 2006; 102 (1): 175-86.