Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 motor behaviour, faculty of physical education and sport science, Shahid Beheshti University
2 Assitant professor, Dept. of motor behaviour, faculty of physical education and sport science, Shahid Beheshti University
3 Associate professor, Dept. of motor behaviour, faculty of physical education and sport science, Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract
Research has shown that chronic stress disrupts growth and motor performance, so finding methods to modulate the negative effects of stress seem necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on motor performance, growth hormone and anthropometric indices in male rats exposed to chronic stress. In this experimental study, 40 healthy albino-Wistar rats were assigned to four groups by random blocks: control (no stress- no training), stress (stress- no aerobic training), training (training- no stress), training-stress. Stress and training-stress groups were exposed to restraint stress intervention (3 hours per day * 28 days). Training and training-stress groups accomplished aerobic training (30 minutes a day * 28 days) on treadmill. At the end of the fourth week, Open-Field test was performed to measure the motor performance of the rats. Then, animal blood was collected to measure the amount of growth hormone. The results showed that aerobic training improved motor performance, increased growth hormone and leg length growth. stress impaired motor performance, weight and leg length growth. Aerobic training neutralized the effect of stress on leg length growth, but did not eliminate the negative effects of stress on motor performance and weight. There was no significant effect on height and hand length factors. According to the results of this study, aerobic training can be used as an effective factor for the modulation of destructive effects of stress on leg length.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Nicknami M, Dehghani F, Bouraki SH, Kazemnezhad E, Soleymani R. Stress coping styles in Guilan University of Medical Sciences Students. Comprehensive Nursing and Midwifery.2015;24(74):62-68.(In Persian) magiran.com/p1339274
- Thakur T, Anand R, Ray A, Gulati K. Differential effects of chronic predictable and unpredictable stress on neurobehavioral and biochemical responses in rats. Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Diseases. 2015; 2: 603. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274705789
- Metz G A. Stress as a modulator of motor system Function and pathology. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2007; 18: 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVNEURO.2007.18.3-4.209
- Pervanidou P, Chrousos G. Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence. Metabolism clinical and experimental. 2012;61: 611 – 619. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2011.10.005
- Romens S, McDonald J, Svaren J. Associations between early life stress and gene methylation in children. Child Development. 2015; 1: 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12270
- Howard E. Reductions in size and total DNA of cerebrum and cerebellum in adult mice after corticosterone treatment in infancy. Exp Neurol. 1968; 22: 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(68)90051-4
- Metz G A, Jadavji N M, Smith L K. Modulation of motor function by stress: a novel concept of the effects of stress and corticosterone on behavior. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2005; pp. 1190–1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04285.x
- Katz R.J, Roth K.A, Carroll B.J. Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: implications for a model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1981; 5(2): 247-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(81)90005-1
- Stratakis C, Gold P, Chrousos G. Neuroendocrinology of stress: implication for growth and development. Stress and eating disorders. 1995;43:162-167. https://doi.org/10.1159/000184269
10.Armario A, Mart O, Gavalda A, Giralt M, Julin T. Effects of chronic immobilization stress on gh and tsh secretion in the rat: Response to hypothalamic regulatory factors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1993; 18: 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(93)90015-D
11.Torres S J, Nowson C. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23: 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008
- Rahmani A, Sheykh M, HemayatTalab R, Naghdi N. The effect of exercise training on stress-induced changes in learning. AMUJ. 2013; 16(70): 52-64.(In Persian) http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-1916-en.html
13.Snyder JS, Soumier A, Brewer M, Pickel J, Cameron HA. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behavior. Nature. 2011;476, 458–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10287
12.Donnelly J, Hillman Ch H, Castelli D, Etnier J, Lee S, Tomporowski Ph, Lambourne K. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016; 48(6): 1197–1222. Doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000901
13.Baghian T, Heidarian pour A, Shokri E. The effects of submaximal endurance training/detraining and gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists on growth and thyroid hormones serum concentrations in girls with precocious puberty. Sport Physiology. 2019. (In Persian) doi:10.22089/SPJ.2019.5830.1765
14.Ignacio D, Silvestre D, Albuquerque J, Louzada R A, Carvalho D, Castro P. Thyroid hormone and estrogen regulate exercise-induced growth hormone release. Plos One. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122556
15.Wideman L, Weltman J, Hartman M.L, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Growth hormone (GH) release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise: Recent Findings. Sports Medicine. 2002; 32 (15): 987-1004. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232150-00003
16.Habibi A, Maleki F, Rami M, Ghalavand A, Jahanbakhsh H, Dehghan M, Asare E. The Relationship between Physical Activities with Some of Physical and Physiologic Indexes of the Citizens of Khuzestan Province. Sport Physiology. 2018. (In Persian) DOI: 10.22089/SPJ.2018.4773.1642
17.Kusuma C Sh, Rajkumar P M. Impact of Aerobic Exercise on anthropometric measurements among college woman. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2015; 1(5): 01-03. https://www.kheljournal.com/vol1issue5/PartA/1-4-48.1.html
18.Li C, Guo Zh, Zhao R, Sun W, Xie. Proteomic analysis of liver proteins in a rat model of chronic restraint stress-induced depression. Hindawi. 2017; 7508316: 14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7508316
19.Kim T, Lim B, Kim K, Seo J, Kim Ch. Treadmill exercise alleviates stress-induced impairment of social interaction through 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor activation in rats. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2015;11(4):192-197. doi: 10.12965/jer.150225
20.Ahmadi N, Aslankhani M A, Naghdi N. Aerobic activity improves spatial learning and motor activity in aged rats. Physiology and Pharmacology. 2012;15 (4): 527-537.(In Persian) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277108427
21.Fabene P, Meriotti R, Mora G N, Chkir A, Zancanaro C. Forced mild physical training- induced effects on cognitive and locomotory behavior in old mice. The journal of nutrition, health & aged. 2008;12(6): 388-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982671
22.Li j, Ding YH, Rafols J, lai Q, Ding Y. Increased astrocyte proliferation in rats after running exercise. Neuroscience Letters. 2005; 386(3): 160-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.009
23.Kim G, Kim E. The effects of antecedent exercise on motor function recovery and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression after focalc ischemia in rats. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013; 25: 553–556. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259800/
24.Moraska A, Deak T, Fleshner M. Treadmill running produces both positive and negative physiological adaptations in Sprague-Dawley rats. American journal of physiology 2000. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1321
25.Smith Patrick J., Blumenthal James A., Hoffman Benson M., Cooper Harris, Strauman Timothy A, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3): 239-252. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.
- Bagheri M, Bambaeichi E, Esfarjani F, Sattar M. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Water Training on Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor in Children. Sport biological sciences 2012; 14: 21-36. (in Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2020.219978.1124
27.Gomez, R. J., Mello, M. A. D., Caetano, F. H., Sibbuya, C. Y et al. Effect of swimming on bone mass and GH / IGF-1 axis in diabetic rats Growth Hormone & IGF Research 2006; 326-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2006.07.003.
28.Kraemer W J, Ratamess N, Nindl B C. Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122: 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00599.2016
29.Vanheider W, Radomski M, Goode R. Growth hormone responses during intermittent weight lifting exercise in men. Eur J Appl Physiol (1984) 53:31-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00964686
30.Moazami M, Askari B. Effect of six months of aerobic exercise on serum levels of insulin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth hormone 1 in sedentary obese women. Medical Laboratory Journal. 2018;12: 4. DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.4.43
31.Jeong J Y, Lee D H , Kang S S. Effects of chronic restraint stress on body weight, food iIntake, and hypothalamic gene expressions in mice. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013;28:288-296. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.288
32.Rashid Lamir A, Mir Zendedel Z, Ebrahimi Atri A. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the plasma levels of ghrelin and growth hormone in young women. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2012;19(5):667-675. (In Persian) http://jssu.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1742-en.html
33.Day T A, West M J, Willoughb J. Stress suppression of growth hormone secretion in the rat: effects of disruption of inhibitory noradrenergic afferents to the median eminence. Aust J Bioi Sci. 1983;36: 525-30. https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9830525
34.Doscuraite Jolita,Vaicenaviciene Giedre. Relation of psychosocial stress and anthropometric indices. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263: 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.571
35.Damsgaard R, Bencke J, Matthiesen G, Petersen JH, Müller J. Is prepubertal growth adversely affected by sport? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1698-703. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200010000-00006
36.Rodr´iguez G V. How does Exercise Affect Bone Development during Growth? Sports Med. 2006; 36 (7): 561-569. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636070-00002
37.Bertelloni S, Ruggeri S, Baroncelli G. Effects of sports training in adolescence on growth puberty and bone health. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2006; 22(11): 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590601005730
38.Krishan Kewal, Sidhu Malkiat, Dutta Jayanti. Is decline in stature related to physical activity?The Case of farmers in Punjab State of North India. Bioscience Hypotheses 2008;1: 326-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2008.08.009
39.Harris R, Zhou J, Youngblood B, Rybkin I, Smagin G. Effect of repeated stress on body weight and body composition of rats fed low- and high-fat diets. the American Physiological Society 1998. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.6.R1928
40.Marti O, Marti J, Armario A. Effects of chronic stress on food intake in rats: influence of stressor intensity and duration of daily exposure. Physiology & Behavior. 1994;4: 747-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90055-8
41.Wang S, Chen J, Yue G, Bai M, Kou M, Jin Z. Xiaoyaosan decoction regulates changes in neuropeptide Y and leptin receptor in the rat arcuate nucleus after chronic immobilization stress. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/381278
42.Roberts C, Campbell I, Troop N. Increases in weight during chronic stress are partially associated with a switch in food choice towards increased carbohydrate and saturated fat intake. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. (2014); 22:77–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2264
43.Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Nomoto Y, Minegishi Y, Hosoda H, et al. Emotional stress enhanced ghrelin secretion from the stomach. J Clin Biochem Nutr. (2006); 38(1): 33-7. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.38.33
44.Serlachius A, Hamer M, Wardle J. Stress and weight change in university students in the United Kingdom. Physiology & Behavior (2007); 92:548–553. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.032
45.Kusuma C. Shamanur, Rajkumar P.Malipatil. Impact of Aerobic Exercise on anthropometric measurements among college Woman. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2015; 1(5): 01-03. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/62785
46.Alizadeh Z, Younespour S, Rajabian Tabesh M, Haghravan S. Comparison between the effect of 6 weeks of morning or evening aerobic exercise on appetite and anthropometric indices: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical obesity. 2017; 7(3): 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12187
Hughes P, Tanner J. A longitudinal study of the growth of the black-hooded rat: methods of measurement and rates of growth for skull, limbs, pelvis, nose-rump and tail lengths. J Anat. 1970; 106(2): 349-370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1233708/
Roach Helmtrud, Mehta Gautam, Oreffo Richard, Nicholas Clarke. Temporal Analysis of Rat Growth Plates: Cessation of Growth with Age Despite Presence of a Physis. The Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 2003; 51(3): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100312
Troib A, Guterman M, Rabkin R, Landau D, Segev Y. Endurance exercise and growth hormone improve bone formation in young and growth-retarded chronic kidney disease rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31: 1270-1279. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv373
Bass S, Bradney M, Pearce G. Short stature and delayed puberty in gymnasts: Influence of selection bias on leg length and the duration of training on trunk length. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70094-1
Theintz G E, Howald H, Weiss U, Sizonenko PC. Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts. J Pediatr. 1993;122:306-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80139-3
)