Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate of professor, Department of physical education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran
2 Assistance Professor, Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
3 Assistance Professor, Department of physical education, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad university, Mahabad, Iran
4 Assistance Professor, Department of physical education, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad
Abstract
Although previous studies have examined the effects of visual perspective of a video model on learning of motor skills, the effects of visual perspective of a point-light model on observational learning has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of observing a point-light model from the rear and front perspectives on learning a baseball pitch. The participants included 48 male volunteers aged 18-26, who were divided into three groups: rear perspective, front perspective and control. Motor task involved throwing a baseball toward a target. The protocol included a pre-test (including 5 throws), an acquisition phase (including 5 blocks of 5 throws) and a retention test (including 5 throws). In the acquisition phase, the participants of observation groups observed a point-light display corresponding to their group 5 times before performing each training block. All throws were recorded for kinematic analysis. Also, the results of the launches were recorded. The results showed that observing a point-light display is better than not observing the model in learning the movement pattern; but not in the movement outcome. Moreover, observing a model from the rear perspective led to better learning of the movement pattern than observing from the front view. These results suggest that observers are able to extract the necessary information from point-light display to learn a new motor skill. In addition, observing the model from the rear view has a better effect on motor learning than the front view.
Keywords
Main Subjects
responses. In R.N. Singer, H.A. Hausenblaus, & C.M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd
ed., pp. 205-238). New York: Wiley. 2001.
2. Ashford D, Bennett SJ, Davids K. Observational modeling effects for movement dynamics and movement
outcome measures across differing task constraints: A meta-analysis. J Mot Behav. 2006; 38:185-205.
3. Buccino G, Vogt S, Ritzl A, Fink G, Zilles K, Freund H, Rizzolatti G. Neural circuits underlying imitation
learning of hand actions: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron. 2004; 42:323-334
4. Rizzolatti G, Graighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004; 27:169-192.
5. Rizzolatti G. The mirror neuron system and its function in humans. Anat Embryol. 2005; 210:419-421.
داناو همکاران
فصلنامهرفتار حرکتی،زمستان1402، دوره15،شماره54
6. Ishikura T, Inomata K. Effects of angle of model-demonstration on learning of motor skill. Percept Mot
Skill. 1995; 80:651-658.
7. Rohbanfard H, Porteau L. Effects of the model’s handedness and observer's viewpoint on observational
learning. Exp Brain Res. 2011;214(4):567-576.
8. Press C, Ray E, Heyes C. Imitation of lateralised body movements: doing it the hard way. Laterality. 2009;
14:515-527.
9. Ishikura,T. Effects on modeling sequential body movements when viewed from the front or rear. Percept
Mot Skill. 2012; 114:290- 300.
10. Shmuelof L, Zohary E. Mirror-image representation of action in the anterior parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci.
2008; 11:1267-1269.
11. Breslin G, Hodges NJ, Williams AM, Kremer J, Curran W. Modelling relative motion to facilitate intra-
limb coordination. Hum Mov Sci. 2005; 24:446-463.
12. Horn RR, Williams AM, Scott MA, Hodges NJ. Visual search and coordination changes in response to
video and point-light demonstrations without KR motion. J Mot Behav. 2005; 37:265-275.
13. Rodrigues ST, Ferracioli MC, Denardi RA. Learning a complex motor skill form video and point-light
demonstrations. Percept Mot Skill. 2010;111(1):1-17.
14. Scully DM, Carnegie E. Observational learning in motor skill acquisition: A look at demonstrations. Ir J
Psychol. 1998; 19:472-485.
15. Scully DM, Newell KM. Observational learning and the acquisition of motor skills: Toward a visual
perception perspective. J Hum Mov Stud. 1985; 11:169-186.
16. Johansson G. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Atten Percept
Psychophys. 1973; 14:201-211.
17. Kozlowski LT, Cutting JE. Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Atten
Percept Psychophys. 1977; 21:575-580.
18. Gibson JJ. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1979.
19. Norman JF, Payton SM, Long JR, Hawkes LM. Aging and the Perception of Biological Motion. Psychol
Aging. 2004;19(1):219–225.
20. Fani L, Prasad S, Harber K, Shiffrar M. Recognizing people from their movements. J Exp Psychol Hum
Percept Perform. 2005; 31:210-220.
21. Pollick FE, Key JW, Heim K, Stringer R. Gender recognition from point-light walkers. J Exp Psychol Hum
Percept Perform. 2005; 31:1247-1265.
22. Blake R, Shiffrar M. Perception of human motion. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007; 58:47-73.
23. Dittrich WH. Action categories and the perception of biological motion. Perception. 1993; 22:15-22.
24. Keysers C, Perrett DI. Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective. Trends Cogn Sci.
2004;8(11):501-507.
25. Molenberghs P, Brander C, Mattingley JB, Cunnington R. The role of the superior temporal sulcus and the
mirror neuron system in imitation. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31(9):1316-1326.
26. Horn RR, Williams AM, Scott MA. Learning from demonstrations: The role of visual search during
observational learning from video and point-light models. J Sports Sci. 2002; 20:253-269.
27. Mullineaux DR, Bartlett RM, Bennett S. Research design and statistics in biomechanics and motor control.
J Sports Sci. 2001 Oct;19(10):739-60.
28. Hodges NJ, Williams AM, Hayes SJ, Breslin G. What is modelled during observational learning? J Sport
Sci. 2007;25(5):531-545.
29. Prasad S, Shiffrar M. Viewpoint and the recognition of people from their movements. J Exp Psychol Hum
Percept Perform. 2009;35(1):39-49
)