Motor Behavior

The effect of yoga exercises on impulsivity and risky decision-making in young men offenders

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate of professor, Department of physical education, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran

2 Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran

3 Ms, Motor Behavior, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Extensive literature supports impulsivity as an important risk factor in crime. On the other hand, more impulsive young adults are more likely to show risky behaviors. In this study, we examined the impact of an 8-week yoga program on the degree of impulsiveness and risk-taking in young male offenders. Sixty-one young male offenders were assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group attended in the usual rehabilitation program plus yoga exercises for 8 weeks and the control group attended in a routine rehabilitation program. The two groups were evaluated at the beginning of the study and also after 10 weeks, using the go/no-go test and the IOWA gambling task. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test showed better performance for the intervention group in all subscales of the go/no-go and IOWA gambling tests at the postintervention, and pre- and postintervention stages, respectively. The mean reaction time in the go/no-go test and the mean total time of the IOWA gambling task in the intervention group significantly increased after the intervention. Our study demonstrated that a yoga intervention program may be useful to reduce impulsivity and risky decision-making in young male offenders.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Edwards BG, Albertson E, Verona E. Dark and vulnerable personality trait correlates of dimensions of criminal behavior among adult offenders. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2017;126(7):921.
  2. Gottfredson MR, Hirschi T. A general theory of crime. A General Theory of Crime: Stanford University Press; 2022.
  3. Maneiro L, Gómez-Fraguela JA, Cutrín O, Romero E. Impulsivity traits as correlates of antisocial behaviour in adolescents. Personality and individual differences. 2017;104:417-22.
  4. American Psychiatric A. Diagnostic and statistical guide to mental disorders. Tehran: Arjmand Publications; 2013.
  5. Swogger MT, Walsh Z, Houston RJ, Cashman‐Brown S, Conner KR. Psychopathy and axis I psychiatric disorders among criminal offenders: Relationships to impulsive and proactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression. 2010;36(1):45-53.
  6. Pardini DA, Byrd AL, Hawes SW, Docherty M. Unique dispositional precursors to early-onset conduct problems and criminal offending in adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2018;57(8):583-92.
  7. Jeske D, Briggs P, Coventry L. Exploring the relationship between impulsivity and decision-making on mobile devices. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. 2016;20:545-57.
  8. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American journal of psychiatry. 2001;158(11):1783-93.
  9. Elliott MV, Johnson SL, Pearlstein JG, Lopez DEM, Keren H. Emotion-related impulsivity and risky decision-making: A systematic review and meta-regression. Clinical Psychology Review. 2022:102232.
  10. Smith BJ, Xue F, Droutman V, Barkley-Levenson E, Melrose AJ, Miller LC, et al. Virtually ‘in the heat of the moment’: insula activation in safe sex negotiation among risky men. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience. 2018;13(1):80-91.
  11. Xiao L, Bechara A, Gong Q, Huang X, Li X, Xue G, et al. Abnormal affective decision making revealed in adolescent binge drinkers using a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2013;27(2):443.
  12. Kuin N, Masthoff E, Kramer M, Scherder E. The role of risky decision-making in aggression: A systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior. 2015;25:159-72.
  13. Neto R, True M. The development and treatment of impulsivity. Psico. 2011;42(1):134-41.
  14. Zapolski TC, Settles RE, Cyders MA, Smith GT. Borderline personality disorder, bulimia nervosa, antisocial personality disorder, ADHD, substance use: Common threads, common treatment needs, and the nature of impulsivity. Independent Practitioner (Lutterworth, England). 2010;30(1):20.
  15. Zapolski TC, Smith GT. Pilot study: Implementing a brief DBT skills program in schools to reduce health risk behaviors among early adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing. 2017;33(3):198-204.
  16. Saeidi M, Khalatbari J, Ghorbanshiroudi S, Abolghasemi S. Comparison of the Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy with Compassion-Focused Therapy on Impulsivity of Women on the Verge of Divorce. Community Health Journal. 2020;14(1):73-83.
  17. Arns M, De Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 2009;40(3):180-9.
  18. Yao Y-W, Chen P-R, Chiang-shan RL, Hare TA, Li S, Zhang J-T, et al. Combined reality therapy and mindfulness meditation decrease intertemporal decisional impulsivity in young adults with Internet gaming disorder. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;68:210-6.
  19. Murphy C, MacKillop J. Living in the here and now: interrelationships between impulsivity, mindfulness, and alcohol misuse. Psychopharmacology. 2012;219(2):527-36.
  20. Korponay C, Dentico D, Kral TR, Ly M, Kruis A, Davis K, et al. The effect of mindfulness meditation on impulsivity and its neurobiological correlates in healthy adults. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1-17.
  21. Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014;8:770.
  22. Rajesh SK, Ilavarasu JV, Srinivasan TM. Effect of Bhramari Pranayama on response inhibition: Evidence from the stop signal task. International journal of yoga. 2014;7(2):138.
  23. Dwivedi U, Kumari S, Nagendra HR. Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors. Indian journal of psychiatry. 2016;58(2):216.
  24. Cohen SCL, Harvey DJ, Shields RH, Shields GS, Rashedi RN, Tancredi DJ, et al. The effects of yoga on attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity in pre-school age children with ADHD symptoms. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP. 2018;39(3):200.
  25. Muirhead J, Fortune C-A. Yoga in prisons: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2016;28:57-63.
  26. Derlic D. A systematic review of literature: Alternative offender rehabilitation—Prison yoga, mindfulness, and meditation. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2020;26(4):361-75.
  27. Galantino ML, Galbavy R, Quinn L. Therapeutic effects of yoga for children: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2008;20(1):66-80.
  28. Goodman FR, Kashdan TB, Mallard TT, Schumann M. A brief mindfulness and yoga intervention with an entire NCAA Division I athletic team: An initial investigation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2014;1(4):339.
  29. Trommer BL, Hoeppner J-AB, Zecker SG. The go-no go test in attention deficit disorder is sensitive to methylphenidate. Journal of Child Neurology. 1991;6(1_suppl):S128-S31.
  30. Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, Ashayeri H, Ghazi Tabatabaei M. The role of rehabilitation of cognitive in reduce deficits of executive function and symptoms of obsessive: Compulsive in Schizo-obsessive patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2006;7(4):15-24.
  31. Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science. 1997;275(5304):1293-5.
  32. Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL. Sex-related differences in a gambling task and its neurological correlates. Cerebral cortex. 2004;14(11):1226-32.
  33. Schmitz F, Kunina-Habenicht O, Hildebrandt A, Oberauer K, Wilhelm O. Psychometrics of the Iowa and Berlin gambling tasks: Unresolved issues with reliability and validity for risk taking. Assessment. 2020;27(2):232-45.
  34. Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014:770.
  35. Ghahremani DG, Oh EY, Dean AC, Mouzakis K, Wilson KD, London ED. Effects of the Youth Empowerment Seminar on impulsive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2013;53(1):139-41.
  36. Kang D-H, Jo HJ, Jung WH, Kim SH, Jung Y-H, Choi C-H, et al. The effect of meditation on brain structure: cortical thickness mapping and diffusion tensor imaging. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience. 2013;8(1):27-33.
  37. Breedvelt JJ, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, Karyotaki E, Gilbody S, Bockting CL, et al. The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2019;10:193.
  38. Valim CP, Marques LM, Boggio PS. A positive emotional-based meditation but not mindfulness-based meditation improves emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:647.
  39. Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, Floman JL, Ellamil M, Rumak SP, et al. Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014;43:48-73.
  40. Morley RH. The impact of mindfulness meditation and self-compassion on criminal impulsivity in a prisoner sample. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. 2018;33(2):118-22.
  41. Ck C. Conners’ continuous performance test. Multi-Health Systems. 1995.
  42. Mehrabi T, Azadi F, Pahlavanzadeh S, Meghdadi N. The effect of yoga on coping strategies among intensive care unit nurses. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2012;17(6):421.
  43. Taylor J, McLean L, Korner A, Stratton E, Glozier N. Mindfulness and yoga for psychological trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2020;21(5):536-73.
  44. Shapiro SL, Jazaieri H, Goldin PR. Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2012;7(6):504-15.
  45. Sun S, Yao Z, Wei J, Yu R. Calm and smart? A selective review of meditation effects on decision making. Frontiers in psychology. 2015;6:1059.
  46. Basso JC, McHale A, Ende V, Oberlin DJ, Suzuki WA. Brief, daily meditation enhances attention, memory, mood, and emotional regulation in non-experienced meditators. Behavioural brain research. 2019;356:208-20.
  47. Boyle CC, Stanton AL, Ganz PA, Crespi CM, Bower JE. Improvements in emotion regulation following mindfulness meditation: Effects on depressive symptoms and perceived stress in younger breast cancer survivors. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2017;85(4):397.
  48. Fabio RA, Towey GE. Long-term meditation: The relationship between cognitive processes, thinking styles and mindfulness. Cognitive Processing. 2018;19:73-85.
  49. Raingruber B, Robinson C. The effectiveness of Tai Chi, yoga, meditation, and Reiki healing sessions in promoting health and enhancing problem solving abilities of registered nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2007;28(10):1141-55.
  50. Thönes S, Wittmann M. Time perception in yogic mindfulness meditation—Effects on retrospective duration judgments and time passage. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2016;3(4):316.
  51. Edman G, Schalling D, Levander SE. Impulsivity and speed and errors in a reaction time task: A contribution to the construct validity of the concept of impulsivity. Acta psychologica. 1983;53(1):1-8.
  52. Huber O, Kunz U. Time pressure in risky decision-making: effect on risk defusing. Psychology Science. 2007;49(4):415.

 

Motor Behavior
Volume 16, Issue 55
April 2024
Pages 145-158

  • Receive Date 09 April 2023
  • Revise Date 07 November 2023
  • Accept Date 28 November 2023

Home

Reviewers

Submit Manuscript

Publication Ethics

news

Journal Metrics

Contact Us