Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the difference in isokinetic force generation in dominant leg when exposed to a motivational environment (arousing and relaxing music) and non-motivational environment (silence). Twenty novice taekwondo player with mean age (4.30 ± 23.65) participate in this Descriptive research. The analysis of variance with repeated measures to comparison force generation control of 20 non elite taekwondo player in the music with different rhythm and no music was used. Participants performed 5 isokinetic repetitions of knee extension and flexion at a set velocity of 60°/sec in three (non-music and music with high and low rhythm trials) performed. Testing order was randomized to control for learning effect. Significant different were found for Accuracy of force generation (p < .05) between three condition. The results showed participant had lowest error in low rhythm music condition. The authors concluded that music and rhythm had effect on Accuracy of force generation in non-elite taekwondo player. The study may have been limited by a number of confounding effects, warranting a repeated yet enhanced research design of the study. As a result Taekwondo coaches and athletes can use it during trainings .probably, Music have an reinforcing or motivational component role in non-elite Taekwondo players isokinetic force generation, but high music rhythm may increase error force production and arousal.
KEY WORDS: taekwondo player, motivation, force generation, music
Keywords
1) Bishop DT, Karageorghis CI, Kinrade NP. Effects of musically-induced emotions on choice reaction time performance. Sport Psychol .2009; 23: 1-19.
2) Brooks K. Difference in wingate power output in response to music as motivation. J Exe Physio Online. 2010; 14-20, 13(6).
3) Karageorghis C I, Terry P C. The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review. J Sport Behav. 1997; 20(1): 54-68.
4) Mohammadzadeh H, Tartibiyan B, Ahmadi A. The effects of music on the perceived exertion rate and performance of trained and untrained individuals during progressive exercise. Facta Universitatis-Series: Physical Education and Sport. 2008; 6(1): 67-74.
5) Morgan W P. Psychological factors influencing perceived exertion. Med Sci Sport.1973; 5(2): 97.
6) Rejeski W J. Perceived exertion: An active or passive process? J Sport Psych.1985; 7(4): 371-8.
7) Terry PC, Dinsdale SL, Karageorghis CI, Lane AM. Use and perceived effectiveness of precompetition mood regulation strategies among athletes. In: Psychology Bridging the Tasman: Science, Culture and Practice – Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Austrailian Psychological Society and New Zealand Psychological Society. Katsikitis, M, ed. Melbourne, VIC, Australian Psychological Society, 2006. pp. 420 –4.
8) Lane AM, Davis PA, Devonport TJ. Effects of music interventions on emotional states and running performance. J Sport Sci Med 2011;10: 400-407.
9) Haluk K, Turchian C, Adnan C. Influence of music on Wingate anaerobic test performance. Sci Movement Health. 2009; 9(4): 134-7.
10) Becker N, Brett S, Chambliss C, Growers K, Haring P, Marsh C, et al. Mellow and frenetic antecedent music during athletic performance of children, adults, and seniors. Percept Motor Skill. 1994; 79(2): 1043-6.
11) Karageorghis C I, Terry P C, Lane A M. Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The brunel music rating inventory. J Sport Sci. 1999; 17(9): 713-24.
12) Karageorghis C I, Drew K M, Terry P C. Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Percept Motor Skill. 1996; 83(3): 1347-52.
13) Drouin J M, Valovich-McLeod T C, Shultz S J, Gansneder B M, Perrin D H. Reliability and validity of the Biodex system 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. Euro J Ap Phys. 2004; 91(1): 22-9.
14) Campenella B, Mattacola C G, Kimura I F. Effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on concentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque of males and females. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2000; 8(1): 1-6.
15) Carlson A J, Bennett G, Metcalf J. The effect of visual feedback in isokinetic testing. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 1992; 2(2): 60-4.
16) O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan K. The effect of combined visual feedback and verbal encouragement on isokinetic concentric performance in healthy females. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2008; 16(1): 47-53.
17) Van Herp G, Shah A. The effects of feedback isokinetic dynamometry. S Afr J Physiother. 1996; 52(5): 88-90.
18) سانگ کیم. تاریخچۀ تکواندو و سیر توسعۀ آن در جهان. مترجم: نظم‌ده مجتبی. تهران: فدراسیون تکواندوی ایران؛ 1386. ص 31-30.
19) ستوده محمد صابر. تأثیر سطح و نوع مهارت بر کارکرد‌های یادگیری مشاهده‌ای تکواندوکاران. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد. تهران: دانشگاه تهران؛ 1391.
20) Rosker J, Sarabon N. Kinaesthesia and methods for its assessment: Literature review. Sport Science Review. 2010; 19(5): 165-208.
21) Souza F A, Franciulli P M, Bigongiari A, Araújo R C, Pozzo R, Amadio A C, et al. The effect of fatigue and visual feedback on submaximal isometric muscle contractions. XXV ISBS Symposium, OuroPreto – Brazil; 2007.
22) Schneider M R, Landers D M, Phillips W T, Arent S M, Yarrow J F. Effects of psyching on peak force production in adolescent athletes. Med Sci in Sport Ex. 2003; 35(5): 140.
23) طالبی روح الله. بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف اضطراب و انگیختگی بر کنترل تولید نیرو و زاویۀ پای برتر تکواندوکاران کشور. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد. تهران: دانشگاه تهران؛ 1392.
24) بهرامی علی‌رضا، ماریشوک لودمیلا ولادیمیرونا. تأثیر تصویر‌سازی ذهنی قبل از مسابقه و آرام‌سازی بعد از مسابقه بر شوت سه امتیازی، کنترل نیرو و تنظیم زاویۀ دست برتر در مسابقات بسکتبال دانشگاه‌های بلاروس. هفتمین همایش بین‌المللی علوم ورزشی. تهران؛ 1388.
25) Tod D, Iredale F, Gill N. Psyching-up and muscular force production. Sport Med. 2003; 33(1): 47-58.
26) Godwin M M, Hopson R T, Newman C K, Leszczak T J. The effect of music as a motivational tool on isokinetic concentric performance in college aged students. Int J Exe Sci. 2014; 7(1): 7.
27) Coombes S A, Cauraugh J H, Janelle C M. Emotion and movement: Activation of defensive circuitry alters the magnitude of a sustained muscle contraction. Neuroscience Letters. 2006; 396(3): 192-6.
28) Coombes S A, Corcos D M, Pavuluri M N, Vaillancourt D E. Maintaining force control despite changes in emotional context engages dorsomedial prefrontal and premotor cortex. Cerebral Cortex. 2012; 22(3): 616-27.
29) ترابی فرناز، رنجبر کیا، سوری زهرا. بررسی تأثیر موسیقی بر اجرای فاکتورهای آمادگی جسمانی پسران نوجوان. نشریۀ رشد و یادگیری حرکتی. 1392؛ 5 (11): 53-39.
30) Flykt A. Visual search with biological threat stimuli: Accuracy, reaction times, and heart rate changes. Emotion. 2005; 5(3): 349.
31) Hutchinson J C, Sherman T, Davis L, Cawthon D, Reeder N B, Tenenbaum G. The influence of asynchronous motivational music on a supramaximal exercise bout. Int J Sport Psych. 2011; 42(2): 135-48.
32) Crust L. Carry-over effects of music in anisometric muscular endurance task 1. Percept Motor Skill. 2004;98(3):985-91.
33) واعظ‌موسوی محمد‌کاظم، ناجی مرتضی، حسن‌زاده ناصر. انگیختگی و فعال‌سازی در تیراندازی با تپانچۀ جنگی. مجلۀ طب نظامی. 1389؛12(4): 90ـ185.
34) Karageorghis C I, Mouzourides D A, Priest D L, Sasso T A, Morrish D J, Walley C L. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. J Sport Exercise Psy2009, 20: 54-69.
35) Shephard R J. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Sport Med. 2001; 31(3): 167-94.
36) شهبازی مهدی. تأثیر انگیختگی ناشی از حضور تماشاگران بر ادراک عمق ورزشکاران مرد و زن. نشریۀ رشد و یادگیری حرکتی. 1389؛ (5) 2 : 48ـ135.
37) Weinberg R S, Hunt V V. The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance and electromyography. J Motor Behav. 1976; 8(3): 219-24.
38) Michel D E. Music therapy. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Bulletin, 24, 15-23. Thomas Publisher; 1985.
39) Szabo A, Small A, Leigh M. The effects of slow-and fast-rhythm classical music on progressive cycling to voluntary physical exhaustion. J Sport Med Phys Fit. 1999; 39(3): 220-5.
)