Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

kharazmi university

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of nicotine on psychomotor performance in athletes and non-athletes. Seventy-two male college students (36 athlete, 36 non-athlete; range age=18 to 24) were recruited from Kharazmi university to participate in the study. Their level of physical activity participation determined via a General Information Questionnaire. Each group of 36 male was randomly divided into three subgroups of 12 (4 mg nicotine gum, 2 mg nicotine gum, and 0 mg nicotine gum). In order to ensure the health and no history of drug use, particularly smoking cigarette, a general health screening form was used. This study was an experimental and applied. The data were collected using a choice reaction time (CRT) apparatus and Vienna Two-Hand Coordination (2HAND) test. In addition to descriptive statistics, between groups repeated measures ANOVA was used (α=0.05). The results show that there was no significant differences between choice reaction time means in terms of groups (P=0.353) or type of intervention (P=0.646). Therefore, the effects of different dosages of nicotine on CRT in both athletes and non-athletes was not significant (P=0.0501). There was significant differences between the difficulty of two-hand coordination means in terms of groups (P=0.001), but overall effects of different dosages of nicotine on 2HAND in both athletes and non-athletes was no significant (P=0.544).

Keywords

Main Subjects

1) زاده­محمدی علی، احمدآبادی زهره، احمدآبادی سمیه، رافعی بروجنی مهدی. ورزش و خطرپذیری در برابر سوء‌مصرف (‌سیگار، مواد مخدر و الکل) در دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی شهر تهران. نشریۀ رشد و یادگیری حرکتی ورزشی. 1389؛ 2(4): 24ـ5.
2) Martinsen M, Sundgot-Borgen J. Adolescent elite athlete’s cigarette smoking, use of snus, and alcohol. Scand J Med Sci Sports .2014; 24(2)‌‌: 439-46.
3) Heishman S J, Taylor R C, ‌Henningfield J E. Nicotine and smoking: A review of effects on human performance. Exp Clin Psychopharm‌. 1994; 2(4): 345–95.
4) Breese G R, Overstreet D H, ‌‌Knapp D J. Conceptual framework for the etiology of alcoholism: A "kindling"/stress hypothesis. ‌Psychopharmacology. 2005; 178(4):      367-80.
5) Houshyar H, Manalo S, Dallman M F. Time-dependent alternation in mrna expression of brain neuropeptides regulating energy balance and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity after withdrawal from intermittent morphine treatment. J Neurosci. 2004; 24(42): 9224-414.
6) Rothwell P E, Gewirtz J C, Thomas M J. Episodic withdrawal promotes psychomotor sensitization to morphine. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010; 35(13):      2579‌–‌89.
7) Sherwood N, Kerr J S, Hindmarch I. Psychomotor performance in smokers following single and repeated doses of nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology. 1992; 108(4): 432-6.
8) Hindmarch I‌, Kerr J S, Sherwood N. Effect of nicotine gum on psychomotor performance in smokers and non-smokers‌. Psychopharmacology. 1990; 100(4):      535-41.
9) Petrie ‌R X, ‌Deary I J. Smoking and human information processing. Psychopharmacology. ‌1989; 99(3): 393–6.
10) Heishman S J, Kelykamp B A, Singleton E G. Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology. 2010; 210(4):  453‌–‌69.
11) Gordon B N. Reaction-times of methadone treated ex heroin addicts. Pychopharmacologia.‌ 1970; 16(4): 337-44.
12) Mutti A, Folli D, Van der Venne M T, Berlin A, Gerra G, Caccavari R, et al. Long-lasting impairment of neuroendocrine response to psychological stress in heroin addict. Neurotoxicology. 1992; 13(1): 255-60.
13) Heishman S J, Snyder F R, Henningfield J E. Performance, subjective, and physiological effects of nicotine in non-smokers. Drug Alcohol Depen.1993; 34(1):  11-8.
14) Davranche karen, Audiffren michel. Effects of a low dose of transdermal nicotine on information processing. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002; 4(3): 275-85.
15) Tucha O, Lange K W. Effects of nicotine chewing gum on a real-life motor task: a kinematic analysis of handwriting movements in smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacolog. 2004; 173(1-2): 49-56.
16) Poltavski D V, Petros T V, Holm J E. Lower but not higher doses of transdermal nicotine facilitate cognitive performance in smokers on gender non-preferred task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012; 102(3): 423-33.
17) اصغری محمد‌جواد، دژکام محمود، آزاد فلاح پرویز. مقایسۀ کنش‌وری عصبی ـ روان‌شناختی (زمان واکنش) در معتادان و افراد عادی . نشریۀ مطالعات تربیتی و روان‌شناسی. 1388؛ 10(1): 61ـ47.
18) نریمانی محمد، سلیمانی اسماعیل، کرداصغری فرشته . مقایسۀ زمان واکنش در افراد وابسته به مواد و افراد غیر‌وابسته. نشریۀ اعتیاد‌پژوهی سوء‌مصرف مواد. 1391؛ 6(23): 95ـ83.
19) قاسمی‌ نظام الدین، کیانی احمدرضا، زره‌پوش‌ اصغر، ربیعی مهدی، وکیلی نجمه. بررسی تفاوت‌های سوگیری توجه، عملکرد اجرایی و زمان واکنش در مصرف‌کنندگان آمفتامین در مقایسه با افراد غیر‌مصرف‌کنندۀ مواد. نشریۀ اعتیاد‌پژوهی سوء‌مصرف مواد. 1391؛ 6(23): 64ـ53.
20) Jansari S, Froggatt D, Edginton T, Dawkins L. Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment. Addiction. 2013; 10(5): 977-84.
21) Fisher D J, Knobelsdorf A, Jaworska N, Daniels R, Knott V J. Effects of nicotine on electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioural measures of visual working memory in non-smokers during a dual-task paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav‌. 2013; 103(3): 494-500.
22) Myers C S 1, Taylor R C, Salmeron B J, Waters A J, Heishman S J. Nicotine enhances alerting, but not executive, attention in smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013; 15(1): 277-81.
23) Bosker W M, Karschner E L, Lee D, Goodwin R S, Hirvonen J, Innis R B, et al. Psychomotor function in chronic daily cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence. Plos One. 2013; 8(1): 1-7.
24) Niemegeers P, Dumont G J, Quisenaerts C, Morrens M, Boonzaier J, Fransen E, et al. The effects of nicotine on cognition are dependent on baseline performance. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.2014; 24(7): 1015-23.
25) Perkins K A, Sexton J E. Influence of aerobic fitness, activity level, and smoking history on the acute thermic effect of Nicotine. Physiol Behav. 1995; 57(6): 1097‌–‌102.
26) Lenz T L, Lenz N J, Faulkner M A. Potential interactions between exercise and drug therapy. Sports Med. ‌2004; 34(5): 293-306.
27) Horn K, Dino G, Branstetter S A, Zhang J, Noerachmanto N, Jarrett T, et al. Effects of physical activity on teen smoking cessation. Pediatrics. 2011; 128‌(4):    801‌-11.
28) ‌ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Williams & Wilkin; 2010. P. 105