Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of practice for developing motor flexibility in basketball free throw. For this purpose, 12 students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were selected and randomly divided into two groups (constant and variable). After a pre-test, participants practiced the aforementioned skill. At each trial, the variable group would randomly throw the ball over an obstacle with different height, but the obstacle height was fixed for constant group. After seven consecutive days of practice, participants performed two transfer tests that one of them was similar to the conditions of constant group and the other one was similar to the conditions of variable group. Also, these tests were repeated after a week. The results showed that participants’ performance had a significance improvement during acquisition period. But the results did not show a significant difference between groups in immediate and late transfer tests. It seems that practice with different kinds of a skill does not benefit the development of flexibility in movement.    

Keywords

Main Subjects

1. Latash M L. Fundamentals of motor control. Firsted. London. ­Academic Press; 2012. p. 8-15.
2.­ Deutsch K M, ­­Newell K M. Noise, variability, and the development of children’s perceptual-motor skills. Developmental Review. 2005; 25(2): ­155-­80.
3. Stergiou N. Innovative analyses of human movement. Firsted. Champaign. ­Human Kinetics Publishers; 2004. 75-96.
4. Fleisig G. Variability in baseball pitching biomechanics among various levels of competition. Sports Biomechanics. 2009; 8(1): ­10-21.
5. Wagner H, Pfusterschmied J, Klous M, von Duvillard SP, Müller E.­ Movement variability and skill level of various throwing techniques. Human Movement Science. 2012; 31(1): ­78-90.
6. Dai B, Leigh S, Li H, Mercer VS, Yu B.­ The relationships between technique variability and performance in discus throwing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2013; 31(2): ­219-­28.
7.  Ranganathan R,­ Newell K M. Changing up the routine: Intervention-induced variability in motor learning. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2013; 41(1): ­64-70.
8. Latash M L­,­ Scholz J P, Schöner G. Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2002; 30(1): ­26-31.
9. Schorer J, Baker J, Fath F, Jaitner T. Identification of interindividual and intraindividual movement patterns in handball players of varying expertise levels. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2007; 39(5): 409-­21.
10. Wilson C, Simpson SE, Van Emmerik RE, Hamill J. Coordination variability and skill development in expert triple jumpers. Sports Biomechanics. 2008; 7(1): ­2-9.
11. Hodges N J, ­Williams A M. Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice. 2ed. London. ­Routledge; 2012. 47-51.
12. Scholz J P, Schöner G. The uncontrolled manifold concept: Identifying control variables for a functional task. Experimental Brain Research. 1999; 126(3):­ 289-306.
13. Ranganathan R, ­Newell K M. Emergent flexibility in motor learning. Experimental Brain Research. 2010; 202(4): ­755-­64.
14. Schmidt R A­. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review. 1975; 82(4): ­225.
15. Proteau L­. On the specificity of learning and the role of visual information for movement control. Advances in Psychology. 1992; 85(1): ­67-103.
16. Shea J B, ­Morgan R L. Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1979; 5(2): ­179.
17. Lee T D­, ­Swanson L R, ­Hall A L. What is repeated in a repetition? Effects of practice conditions on motor skill acquisition. Physical Therapy. 1991; 71(2): 150-­56.
18. Feldman A G. Functional tuning of nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. 2. controllable parameters of muscles. Biophysics-USSR. 1966; 11(3): ­565.­­
19. Jaric S, ­Latash M L. Learning a pointing task with a kinematically redundant limb: Emerging synergies and patterns of final position variability. Human Movement Science. 1999; 18(6): ­819-­38.
20. Todorov E, ­Jordan M L. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nature Neuroscience. 2002; 5(11): ­1226-35.
21. Aiken C A­,­ Fairbrother G T, ­Post P G. The effects of self-controlled video feedback on the learning of the basketball set shot. Frontiers in Psychology. 2012; 3(1): 338-48.
22. Wulf G­,­ Raupach M, ­Pfeiffer F. Self-controlled observational practice enhances learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2005; 76(1): ­107-­11.
23. Ranganathan R, ­Newell K M. Motor learning through induced variability at the task goal and execution redundancy levels. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2010; 42(5): 307-­16.