Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skill level and predictability of conditionson taekwondo players’ timing. Twenty-three elite taekwondo players attending the camp of the national team and twenty-three none-elite taekwondo players from the clubs of Tehran were recruited through convenience and random sampling methods, respectively. Practitioners were examined in psychology laboratory of Tarbiat Modarres University. They were asked to perform a computerized version of timing task in predictable and non-predictable conditions. Data were analyzed using MANOVA test. Results indicated significant differences between elite and non-elite taekwondo players’ timing, not only in predictable and non-predictable conditions, but also in different intervals of predictable condition (P values for predictable conditions interval and non-predictable condition were 0.0001, 0.019, and 0.005, respectively). Thus, we can say that taekwondo players with better timing have better performance in motor skills and better react to stimuli that need time prediction. So, timing can be considered one of the perceptual-motor skills involved in selecting elite taekwondo players.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Coull J T, Davranche K N, Bruno V F. Functional anatomy of timing differs for production versus prediction of time intervals. Neuropsychologia. 2013; 51(5): 309–­19.
  2. Grondin S. Attention, perception­ & psychophysics. Timing and Time Perception: A Review of Recent Behavioral and Neuroscience Findings and Theoretical Directions. 2010; 72(3): 561-­82.
  3. Coull J T, Cheng R K, Meck W H. Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuro Psychopharmacology. 2011; 36(1): 3-25.
  4. Correa A, Lupianze J, Madrid E, Tudela P. Temporal attention enhances early visual processing: A review and evidence from event- related potentials. Brain Research. 2006; 109(76): 116-­28.
  5. Coker CA. Motor learning and control for practitioners. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages; 2004; P: 143.
  6. Nazari, M. A., Mirloo, M. M., Asadzadeh, S,. (2012). time perception errors of emotional in persian words, advances in cognitive sciences, 13(4). 37-49. (In Persian)
  7. Bueti D, Walsh V, Frith C, Rees, G. Different brain circuits underlie motor and perceptual representations of temporal intervals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2008; 20(2): 204–­14.
  8. Buonomano Dean V, Karmarkar U R. How we do tell time?­ The Neuroscientist. 2002; 8(1): 42–51.
  9. Buonomano Dean V, Laje R, Population clocks: Motor timing with neural dynamics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010; 14(12): 520-7.
  10. Spencer RM, Karmarkar U, Ivry RB. Evaluating dedicated and intrinsic models of temporal encoding by varying context. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1853-63.
  11. Bortoletto M, Cook A, Cunnington R. Motor timing and the preparation for sequential actions. Journal of Brain and Cognition. 2011; 75(2): 196-204.
  12. Koch G, Costa A, Brusa L, Peppe A, Gatto I, Torriero S, Lo Gerfo E, Salerno S, Oliveri M, Carlesimo GA, Caltagrione C. Impaired reproduction of second but not millisecond time intervals in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(5):1305–13.
  13. Dirnberger G, Hesselmann G, Roiser J P, Marjan S P. Give it time: Neural evidence for distorted time perception and enhanced memory encoding in emotional situations. Neuro Image. 2012; 63(1): 591-­99.
  14. Nakata H, Yoshie M, Miura A, Kudo K. Characteristics of the athletes' brain: Evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging. Brain research reviews. 2010 Mar 31;62(2):197-211.
  15. Tobin S, Grondin S. Time perception is enhanced by task duration knowledge: Evidence from experienced swimmers. Memory & cognition. 2012 Nov 1;40(8):1339-51.
  16. Leonov S. Diagnostics of time perception in synchronized swimming. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012 Dec 31;33:771-5.
  17. Ivry RB, Spencer RM, Zelaznik HN, Diedrichsen J. The cerebellum and event timing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 Dec 1;978(1):302-17.
  18. Smith A­, Tyler E­, Rogeres J W­, Newman S, Rubia K. Evidence for a pure time perception deficit in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002; 43(4): 529-42.
  19. Ciucurel M M. The relation between anxiety, reaction time and performance before and after sport competitions. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 33(9): 885-­9
  20. Yarrow K, Brown P, Krakauer J W. Inside the brain of an elite athlete. Nature Review. 2009; 10(8): 585-­95.
  21. Jordnova N, Demerdzieva A. Biofeedbacktraining for peak performance in sport case. Macedonian Journal of Medical Science. 2010; 3(2): 113-­8.
  22. Schmidt R. Anticipation and timing human motor performance. Psychological Bulletin. 1968; 70(6): 631-­46.