Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, University of Semnan, Iran

2 M.Sc. Student, University Of Semnan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the factorial validity and reliability of Persian version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire for Children (SIQ-C). For this purpose, a total of 235 teen athletes including 124 male (M = 11.77, SD = 1.59) and 111 female (M = 12.02, SD = 1.44) were selected by random cluster sampling and completed the Persian Version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire for Children. Accuracy of translation was verified through back-translation method by three sport psychologists and three English teaching specialists. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for assessing construct validity, and internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Also, temporal reliability of the items was evaluated with intra-class correlation coefficient using test-retest method with 2-week interval. The results showed that the Persian version of Sport Imagery Questionnaire for Children had acceptable fit indices (RMSEA = 0.043, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.96), total internal consistency (0.74) and total temporal reliability (0.76). Therefore, the Persian version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire for Children has good reliability and validity and it can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to study and evaluate the Sport Imagery of Iranian children.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1. Schuster C, Hilfiker R, Amft O, Scheidhauer A, Andrews B, Butler J, et al. Best practice for motor imagery: A systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines. BMC Medicine. 2011; 9(1): 1.
2. Salmanyan A, Farokhi A. Meta analysis of studies of mental training of motor skills in Iran. Olympic. 2008; 1(41): 99-108. (In Persian).
3. Guillot A, Collet C. Duration of mentally simulated movement: A review. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2005; 37(1): 10-20.
4. Guillot A, Collet C. Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 1(1): 31-44.
5. Zamani Sani Sh, Farsi A, Abdoli B. Effect of different speeds of motor mental imagery on performance. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 9(8): 1189-99. (In Persian).
6. Decety J. The neurophysiological basis of motor imagery. Behavioural Brain Research. 1996; 77(1): 45-52.
7. Decety J, Ingvar D H. Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica. 1990; 73(1): 13-34.
8. Hemeyattalab R, Movahedi A R. Physical and mental effects of exercise on motor learning educable mentally retarded students. Development and Motor Learning. 2009; 1(1): 27-41. (In Persian).
9. Hall C R, Stevens D E, Paivio A. Sport imagery questionnaire. INC: Test manual. Fitness information technology; 2005.p 112.
10. Hall C R, Mack D E, Paivio A, Hausenblas H A. Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1998; 29(1): 73-89.
11. Cumming J, Hall C. Athletes' use of imagery in the off-season. The Sport Psychologist. 2002; 16(2): 160-72.
12.Munroe K, Hall C, Simms S, Weinberg R. The influence of type of sport and time of season on athletes’ use of imagery. The Sport Psychologist. 1998 Dec;12(4):440-9.
13. Munroe-Chandler K J, Hall C R, Fishburne G J, Strachan L. Where, when, and why young athletes use imagery: An examination of developmental differences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2007; 78(2): 103-16.
14. Kline P. Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. 1st ed. New York: The Guildford Press; 2005. p 201.
15. Meyers L S, Gamst G, Guarino A J. Applied multivariate research. 1st ed. Design and interpretation: Sage; 2006.p 650.
16. Hooman H A. Structural equation modeling with LISREL application. 5 th ed.Tehran: Samt Pub; 2008.p 299. (In Persian).
17. Schutz RW, Gessaroli ME. Use, misuse, and disuse of psychometrics in sport psychology research. Handbook of research on sport psychology. 1993:p 901-17.
18. Zamani A, Zeidabadi R, Motashareie E. Psychometric properties of Persian version of Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale Sport -2. Psychological Studies. 2013;2(3): 103-122. (In Persian).
19. Zeidabadi R, Rezaie F, Motashareie E. Psychometric properties and normalization of Persian version of Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tools (OMSAT-3). Sport Psychology Review. 2014; 3(7): 63-82. (In Persian).
20. Terry P C, Lane A M, Fogarty G J. Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States—Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2003; 4(2): 125-39.
21. Hashim HA, Zulkifli EZ, Yusof HA. Factorial validation of Malaysian adapted Brunel Mood Scale in an adolescent sample. Asian journal of sports medicine. 2010 Dec 1;1(4):185.
22. Brown T. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research.2 nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2006.p 40-41.
23. Thomas J R, Silverman S, Nelson J. Research methods in physical activity 7 th ed.USA: Human Kinetics; 2015.P 125-26.
24. Hu L T, Bentler P M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 1999; 6(1): 1-55.
25. Nunnally J, Bernstein I. The theory of measurement error. Psychometric theory 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994. P. 229.
26. Bandura A, Freeman WH, Lightsey R. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 1999 Jan 1;13(2):158-66.
27. Martens R, Vealey R S, Burton D. Competitive anxiety in sport 1 st ed. USA:Human Kinetics; 1990.p 213.
28. DeVellis R F. Scale development: Theory and applications. 3 rd ed.Ltd: Sage Pub; 2012.p 115.
29. De Vellis RF, Dancer LS. Scale development: theory and applications. Journal of Educational Measurement. 1991;31(1):79-82.