Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M. Sc of Motor Behavior, Shahid Beheshti University

2 Professor of Motor Behavior, Shahid Beheshti University

3 Professor of Physical Education, University of Imam Hussein (AS)

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of functional training on the number of movement units of acceleration and deceleration phase of reaching to objects with different shapes (cylinder, cube, pyramid) and sizes (small, medium, large) in a 6-year-old girl with Down Syndrome.The present study is an experimental study following a single participant design.One subject with Down syndrome, who was not suffering from any severe physical or motor disorder, was introduced by the Down Syndrome Association (Gender: female; Age: 6 years old) to participate in the study.The pretest and posttest results of reaching to objects with different shapes and sizes were recorded using motion analysis device. The subject participated in 24 sessions of functional training program, each lasting about 60 minutes (5 days a week). Each session of training consisted of three intervals of 15 minutes interspersed with 5-minute breaks. The mean number of movement units of acceleration phase to reaching the medium cylinder was lower than the others (N = 7.50) and the effect size was higher than the others (E = 0.91). The mean number of movement units of deceleration phase to reaching the medium cylinder was lower than the others (N = 5.83) and the effect size was higher than the others (E = 0.93). The mean number of movement units in posttest showed that the subject had better performance than pretest. The results revealed that the functional training had decreased the number of movement units of acceleration and deceleration phases. These findings support previous findings that task-oriented training with respect to the principle of specificity of training promotes movement patterns in individuals with Down Syndrome.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Afrouz Gh. Psychology and rehabilitation of children with the Down Syndrome (Mongolism). 3rd ed. Tehran: Tehran Pub; 2000. P. 13- 45. (In Persian).
  2. Ardebili M, Mohseni M, Akbari A. Screening for Down Syndrome and Trisomy 18 in the second trimester of pregnancy, using chemical markers measured in maternal serum. Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2004; Volume 32, Issue 2, P. ‌67-‌72. (In Persian).
  3. Desai S S‌. Down Syndrome: A review of the literature. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 1997; 84(3): ‌279-‌85.
  4. Charlton J L‌, ‌‌Ihsen E, ‌‌Oxley J. Kinematic characteristics of reaching in children with Down Syndrome. Human Movement Science. 1996; 15(5): ‌‌727-‌43.
  5. Almeida G L‌, Corcos D M, Latash M L.‌ Practice and transfer effects during fast single-joint elbow movements in individuals with Down Syndrome. Physical Therapy. 1994; 74(11): ‌‌1000-‌12.
  6. Uyanik M G, Bumin, H K. Comparison of different therapy approaches in children with Down Syndrome. Pediatrics International. 2003; 45(1): 68-73.
  7.  Schmitd Richard A. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 1st ed. Tehran: Elm va Harekat Pub; 2011. P. 207- ‌15. (In persian).
  8.  Moss S, Hogg J. Development of hand function in mentally handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool‌ children‌. In P. Mittler (Ed.), Frontiers of‌ Knowledge‌ in Mental Retardation. Baltimore, MD: University Park; 1981. P.3-7.
  9. Aparicio T S, ‌‌Balaña J M. A study of early fine motor intervention in Down’s Syndrome children. Early Child Development and Care. 2009; 179(5): 631-‌6.
  10. ‌Mon Williams M, ‌‌Tresilian J R, ‌‌Bell V E, ‌Coppard V L, ‌Jobling A, ‌Carson R G. The preparation of reach to grasp movements in adults with Down Syndrome. Human Movement Science. 2001; 20(4): 587-602.
  11. Nadkarni S, ‌Ashok D. Enhancing eye-hand coordination with therapy intervention to improve visual-spatial abilities using‌. The re-training approach in children with Down Syndrome: Three cases studies. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development. 2012; 23‌(2): 107-‌20.
  12. ‌‌de Campos A C, Rocha N A C F,‌‌ Savelsbergh G J. Development of reaching and grasping skills in infants with Down Syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 31(1): 70-80.
  13. Roy E A. Neuropsychological perspectives on apraxia and related action disorders. Advances in Psychology. doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61996-2. Volume 12, 1983, Pages 293–320.
  14. ‌Weiss T, Kreitinger J, Wilde H, Wiora C, Steege M, Dalleck L, et al. Effect of functional resistance training on muscular fitness outcomes in young adult. Exerc Sci Fit. 2010; 12(2): 113–‌22.
  15. Clark M A‌,‌ Lucett S C. NASM’s essentials of sports performance training. National academy of sport medicine. ISBN-13: 9781284057539. 2010‌. P.13-101
  16. Noori F, Afrooz Gh. The effects of early education of family-centered developmental, on motor development of children with Down Syndrome from birth to 24 months. ‌Journal of Psychology and Education. 2008; 38‌(4): 7- 26. (In Persian).
  17. Shakiba Sh, Mohammad Khani P, Pour Shahbaz A, Bidokhti M. Psychotherapy effectiveness in reducing the severity of depression and interpersonal problems of women with major depressive disorder comorbidity with personality disorders cluster C. Journal of Clinical Psychology. ‌2011; Volume 2, Number 4 (8); 29- 40. (In Persian).
  18. Amini M, Dolatshhi B, Dadkhah A, Lotfi M. The effect of cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive deficits in older adults with Alzheimer's dementia.‌ Journal of Elderly. ‌2012; 5(15); P. 2-7. (In Persian).
  19. Saavedra S, Joshi A, woollacott, D. Eye hand coordination in children with cerebral palsy. Experimental Brain Research. 2009; 192(2): ‌‌155-‌65.
  20. De Campos A C‌, Carolina S. N. C, Geert J.P. S, Nelci A. C. F. R. l.‌ Infants with Down Syndrome and their interactions with objects: Development of exploratory actions after reaching onset. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013; 34(6):‌ 1906-‌16.
  21. Aizawa H‌, Mushiake H, Inase M , Tanji J.  l.‌ An output zone of the monkey primary motor cortex specialized for bilateral hand movement. Experimental Brain Research. 1990; 82(1):‌‌ 219-‌21.
  22. Bouisset S‌, ‌‌Zattara M. A sequence of postural movements precedes voluntary movement. Neuroscience Letters. 1981; 22(3): ‌263-‌70.
  23. Ruiz R C‌, Garcia-‌Masso X, Centeno- Prada R A. Time and frequency analysis of the static balance in young adults with Down Syndrome. Gait & Posture. 2011; 33(1): 23-‌8.
  24. El-Meniawy G H‌, ‌‌Kamal H M,‌ Elshemy S A. Role of treadmill training versus suspension therapy on balance in children with Down Syndrome. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 2012; 13(1): ‌‌37-43.
  25.  Schneiberg S, Sveistrup H, McFadyen B. The development of coordination for reach-to-grasp movements in children. Experimental Brain Research. 2002; 146(2): 142-‌54.
  26. Connolly B H, Michael B T. Performance of retarded children, with and without Down Syndrome‌ on the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Physical Therapy. 2013 Jun;34(6):1906-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.001.
  27. Block, Martin E. Motor Development in Children with Down Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. Adapted physical activity quarterly, 1991,8,179-209.