Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D. of Motor Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Int.Compus
2 Professr of Motor Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of special individual, group and cooperative exercises on the cognitive and social function of children aged 9-12 years. 40 male students 9–12 years of age were chosen from elementary schools in the city of Mashhad. The DCD questionnaire was used for the diagnosis of DCD along with MABC2 test, clinical interviews and certification of a psychiatrist. Participants were randomly divided into four groups (control, individual, group and cooperative groups with two subgroups). They were trained by a trainer for 24 sessions each lasting for about 60 minutes. Before and after the exercises, the experiment groups were evaluated by MABC2, Winland and Goodenough dummy test. Data analyses were carried out by the multivariate covariance. The results showed that special individual, group and cooperative exercises had a significant effect on developmental coordination disorder (P<0.05) and cognitive performance of DCD children, but it did not have any significant effect on the social performance on the study population (P<0.05). In sum, the results suggest that special individual, group and cooperative exercises can help improve the developmental coordination disorder and cognitive performance of DCD children.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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28. Crock RV, Horvat M, McCarthy ER. Reliability and concurrent validity of the movement assessment battery for children. Perceptual and motor skills. 2001 Aug; 93(1): 275-80.
29. Kang KD, Choi JW, Kang SG, Han DH. Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. International journal of sports medicine. 2011 Dec; 32(12): 953-9.
30. Sohrabi M, Fooladian J; Developmental, physical activity and motor development in children than adult" Astan Quds Razavi Published: 2010; 20-1. (In Persian)
31. Makvandi. et al. IQ tests, scale Weiland, both social development, human drawing Goodenough, jondishapour Published Ahvaz.2003; 1 (4): 22-36. (In Persian)
32. Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, Hou W, Garvan CW, Eyberg SM, Swanson JM. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment. 2008 Sep 1; 15(3):317-28.
33. Farhadi. Signs of aggression in boys, 9-year-old test dummy painting. Journal of Mental Health. 2008 Sep 22; 10 (39): 199-207. (In Persian)
34. Abbott RA, Smith AJ, Howie EK, Pollock C, Straker L. Effects of home access to active videogames on child self-esteem, enjoyment of physical activity, and anxiety related to electronic games: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of GAMES FOR HEALTH.2014 Aug 1;3(4):260-6.
35. Rodger S, Ziviani J, Watter P, Ozanne A, Woodyatt G, Springfield E. Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot investigation of measurement issues. Human movement science. 2003 Nov 30; 22(4): 461-78.
36. Latifeh Ghasempour, Fatemeh Sadat Hossaini.The Effect of Sensory-Motor Integration Training on Gross Motor Skills of Children with Severely Mental Disability. Journal of Disability Studies .2004;4(4):74-83. (In Persian)
37. Valiniya Z, Heyrani A, Yazdanbakhsh K. The effect of eight weeks of cognitive-motor training on motor capabilities of children with developmental coordination disorder. Motor behavior and sports psychology. 2015;5 (2).20-4. (In Persian)
38. Moradi H, Khodashenas A, Sohrabi M. Effect of sensory and motor functions of the program Spark in children with developmental coordination disorder, journal of Kashan university of medical sciences, 2016. (19): 391-8. (In Persian)
39. Pesce C, Crova C, Cereatti L, Casella R, Bellucci M. Physical activity and mental performance in preadolescents: Effects of acute exercise on free-recall memory. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2009 Jun 30; 2(1): 16-22.
40. Smyth MM, Anderson HI. Coping with clumsiness in the school playground: Social and physical play in children with coordination impairments. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2000 Sep 1; 18(3): 389-413.
41. Kosari S, Hemayat talab R, Arab Ameri E. The Effect of Physical Exercise on the Development of Gross Motor Skills in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 2011; 1(1): 34-56. (In Persian)
42. Amozadeh F, Shetab Boshheri N, Mahdipor E. School games effect on the growth of the movement skills of students with ADHD / violation of attention. Journal of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 15(1): 83-9. (In Persian)
43. Fazel J. School games effect on children's social growth retarded disability. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2015 Dec 15; 3 (3):266-76. (In Persian)
44. Bouwien S, et.al. Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta‐analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013 Mar 1; 55(3): 229-37.
45. Gillberg C, Kadesjö B. Why bother about clumsiness? The implications of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Neural plasticity. 2003; 10(1-2): 59-68.
46. Cantell M, Crawford SG. Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence. Human movement science. 2008 Apr 30; 27(2): 344-62.
47. JokerTang Karami S, Sheikh M, Jamshidi A. The affection of a period of selected exercising program on improving manipulative skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (CDC). Motor Behavior. 2011; 1(18): 201. (In Persian)
2. Henderson SE, Barnett AL. The classification of specific motor coordination disorders in children: some problems to be solved. Human Movement Science. 1998 Aug 31; 17(4):449-69.
3. Baghernia R, Mohammadi Zadeh M. The prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in Iranian 3-to-11-year-old children. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 9(6): 1088-99. (In Persian)
4. Chen IC, Tsai PL, Hsu YW, Ma HI, Lai HA. Everyday memory in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34(1): 687-94.
5. Bar-Or O. A commentary to children and fitness: A public health perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1987 Dec 1; 58(4):304-7.
6. Fliers E, Rommelse N, Vermeulen SH, Altink M, Buschgens CJ, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2008 Feb 1; 115(2):211-20.
7. Roulstone S. Exploring interventions for children and young people with speech, language and communication needs. Researche Report Dfe-Rr247-Bcrp13. 2012 May 11;8-20.
8. Ferguson GD, Jelsma D, Jelsma J, Smits-Engelsman BC. The efficacy of two task-orientated interventions for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Neuromotor Task Training and Nintendo Wii Fit training. Research in developmental disabilities. 2013 Sep 30; 34(9):2449-61.
9. Rahmani M, Heirani A, Yazdanbakhsh K. The effect of Pilates training on improving the reaction time and balance of sedentary elderly men. Journal of Modern Rehabilition. 2015; 9 (3):44-53. (In Persian)
10. Behpaxho A, Soleimani M, Lavasani M. The effectiveness of social skills training on social adjustment and academic performance of slow-learning students. Jornal of exceptional education 2010;95(1):95-6. (In Persian)
11. Asonitou K. Koutsouki D. Kourtessis T, & Charitou S. Motor and cognitive performance differences between children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Research in developmental disabilities. 2012; 33(4): 996-1005.
12. Reboyi H. What developmental disorders or DC? Institute for Child Labor Therapy and Psychology 2012. 1(1): 4. (In Persian)
13. Verret C, Guay MC, Berthiaume C, Gardiner P, Béliveau L. A physical activity program improves behaviour and cognitive functions in children with ADHD: An exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2010 Sep 13; 16(1): 71-80.
14. Alizadeh H, Zahedipour M. Executive Functions in Children with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2004; 6 (3 and 4) :49-56. (In Persian)
15. Memarmoqhadam M, Taheri H. The impact of a training program on working memory of children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2015; 1(1): 123-34. (In Persian)
16. salman zahra, sheykh m, seyf naraghi m., arab ameri e., aghapour s.m. the effect of perceptual-motor exercises to improve motor ability of students with developmental coordination disorder Tehran's elementary schools. development and motor learning (harakat) 2009. 5(2): 47-63. (In Persian)
17. Asadi dost. The effect of sensory integration and motor skill training perceptual motor problem of dyslexic children in first grade to third grade Isfahan, Isfahan University School of Psychological and Educational Sciences.2008; 12(6): 604-9. (In Persian)
18. Farhadi A. Poretemad HR. Signs of aggression in boys, 9-year-old test dummy painting. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health .1999; 1(3): 199-207. (In Persian)
19. Amini H, Jabri Moghadam A A. The effect of gymnastics on the neuropsychological characteristics of children with DCD - Tehran University, Growth and motor learning magazine. Summer 2015; 7(2): 2. (In Persian)
20. Rivilis I, Hay J, Cairney J, Klentrou P, Liu J, Faught BE. Physical activity and fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review. Research in developmental disabilities. 2011 Jun 30; 32(3):894-910.
21. Ghasemi A, Rezaee M. Development of motor coordination in children and its application in the fields of research work, Health and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research.1998; 1(1): 159-91. (In Persian)
22. Haga M. Physical fitness in children with high motor competence is different from that in children with low motor competence. Physical therapy. 2009 Oct 1; 89(10):1089-97.
23. Health Objectives for the Nation Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for the Year 2000. Free Federal Handbooks 1990 Nov 1; 25(6):29-39.
24. Wigal SB, Emmerson N, Gehricke JG, Galassetti P. Exercise: applications to childhood ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental disorders.2002; 1(2): 34-119.
25. Kashi A, Sarlak Z, Naghibi S. Effect of Tile Kashi Exercise Training Package on Improving Processing Speed and Reducing Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Men with Down Syndrome. Journal of Motor Behavior. Winter 2013 (14): 66-47. (In Persian)
26. Rommel AS, Halperin JM, Mill J, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013 Sep 30; 52(9): 900-10.
27. Salman Z, Sheykh M, Seyf Naraghi M, Arab ameri E, Aaghapour S.M. The effects of perceptual motor training on improving motor abilities of elementary children with developmental coordination disorder in tehran. Development and motor learning (harakat) 2009; 1(34): 20-33. (In Persian)
28. Crock RV, Horvat M, McCarthy ER. Reliability and concurrent validity of the movement assessment battery for children. Perceptual and motor skills. 2001 Aug; 93(1): 275-80.
29. Kang KD, Choi JW, Kang SG, Han DH. Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. International journal of sports medicine. 2011 Dec; 32(12): 953-9.
30. Sohrabi M, Fooladian J; Developmental, physical activity and motor development in children than adult" Astan Quds Razavi Published: 2010; 20-1. (In Persian)
31. Makvandi. et al. IQ tests, scale Weiland, both social development, human drawing Goodenough, jondishapour Published Ahvaz.2003; 1 (4): 22-36. (In Persian)
32. Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, Hou W, Garvan CW, Eyberg SM, Swanson JM. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment. 2008 Sep 1; 15(3):317-28.
33. Farhadi. Signs of aggression in boys, 9-year-old test dummy painting. Journal of Mental Health. 2008 Sep 22; 10 (39): 199-207. (In Persian)
34. Abbott RA, Smith AJ, Howie EK, Pollock C, Straker L. Effects of home access to active videogames on child self-esteem, enjoyment of physical activity, and anxiety related to electronic games: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of GAMES FOR HEALTH.2014 Aug 1;3(4):260-6.
35. Rodger S, Ziviani J, Watter P, Ozanne A, Woodyatt G, Springfield E. Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot investigation of measurement issues. Human movement science. 2003 Nov 30; 22(4): 461-78.
36. Latifeh Ghasempour, Fatemeh Sadat Hossaini.The Effect of Sensory-Motor Integration Training on Gross Motor Skills of Children with Severely Mental Disability. Journal of Disability Studies .2004;4(4):74-83. (In Persian)
37. Valiniya Z, Heyrani A, Yazdanbakhsh K. The effect of eight weeks of cognitive-motor training on motor capabilities of children with developmental coordination disorder. Motor behavior and sports psychology. 2015;5 (2).20-4. (In Persian)
38. Moradi H, Khodashenas A, Sohrabi M. Effect of sensory and motor functions of the program Spark in children with developmental coordination disorder, journal of Kashan university of medical sciences, 2016. (19): 391-8. (In Persian)
39. Pesce C, Crova C, Cereatti L, Casella R, Bellucci M. Physical activity and mental performance in preadolescents: Effects of acute exercise on free-recall memory. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2009 Jun 30; 2(1): 16-22.
40. Smyth MM, Anderson HI. Coping with clumsiness in the school playground: Social and physical play in children with coordination impairments. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2000 Sep 1; 18(3): 389-413.
41. Kosari S, Hemayat talab R, Arab Ameri E. The Effect of Physical Exercise on the Development of Gross Motor Skills in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 2011; 1(1): 34-56. (In Persian)
42. Amozadeh F, Shetab Boshheri N, Mahdipor E. School games effect on the growth of the movement skills of students with ADHD / violation of attention. Journal of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 15(1): 83-9. (In Persian)
43. Fazel J. School games effect on children's social growth retarded disability. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2015 Dec 15; 3 (3):266-76. (In Persian)
44. Bouwien S, et.al. Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta‐analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013 Mar 1; 55(3): 229-37.
45. Gillberg C, Kadesjö B. Why bother about clumsiness? The implications of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Neural plasticity. 2003; 10(1-2): 59-68.
46. Cantell M, Crawford SG. Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence. Human movement science. 2008 Apr 30; 27(2): 344-62.
47. JokerTang Karami S, Sheikh M, Jamshidi A. The affection of a period of selected exercising program on improving manipulative skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (CDC). Motor Behavior. 2011; 1(18): 201. (In Persian)
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