Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Semnan
2 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Alzahra University
3 M. Sc. Student of Motor Behavior, University of Semnan
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of circadian rhythms and variability of physical practice on the enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit motor memory. 40 right-handed female students of Alzahra University of physical education participated in this research. Participants were divided according to their circadian rhythm into 4 different groups. The acquisition phase consisted of nine blocks of 10 trials which constant groups from 6.2 m and random groups from 3.2, 2.6, 2.3 to practiced their darts skills. Retention test was performed by Record score of 30 trials (three blocks of 10 trials) throwing darts from a distance of 6.2 m in three phases (immediate retention, delayed retention morning, delayed retention time). For data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level (0.05) was used. The results show that the best performance of the constant morning group was in the delayed retention morning and constant evening group were in the delayed retention evening. In general, we can conclude that most enhancement-based consolidation process occurs with 24h off line periods in constants groups and night's sleep in these off-line periods facilitated consolidation of motor memory. So, 24h offline period is the best offline period for enhancing explicit motor memory.
Keywords
Main Subjects
2. Maslovat D, Chus R, Lee TD, Franks IM. Contextual interference: single task versus multi-task learning. Motor control-champaign-. 2004; 8(2): 213-33.
3. dos Santos JJ, Bastos FH, de Oliveira Souza T, Corrêa UC. Contextual Interference Effect Depends on the Amount of Time Separating Acquisition and Testing. Advances in Physical Education. 2014.
4. Jacoby LL. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of memory and language. 1991; 30(5): 513-41.
5. Schacter DL. Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992; 4(3): 244-56.
6. Dennis NA, Cabeza R. Age-related dedifferentiation of learning systems: an fMRI study of implicit and explicit learning. Neurobiology of aging. 2011; 32(12): 2318. 17-30.
7. Müller A PsM. Early insights into everyday forgetting and recent research on anterograde amnesia. Journal of Cortex. 1990; 43(5): 34-616.
8. Wilson JK, Baran B, Pace-Schott EF, Ivry RB, Spencer RM. Sleep modulates word-pair learning but not motor sequence learning in healthy older adults. Neurobiology of aging. 2012; 33(5): 991-1000.
9. Robertson EM, Pascual-Leone A, Miall RC. Current concepts in procedural consolidation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004; 5(7): 576-82.
10. Walker MP. A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. Behavioral and brain sciences. 2005; 28(01): 51-64.
11. Walker MP, Brakefield T, Seidman J, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learning & Memory. 2003; 10(4): 275-84.
12. Debarnot U, Abichou K, Kalenzaga S, Sperduti M, Piolino P. Variable motor imagery training induces sleep memory consolidation and transfer improvements. Neurobiology of learning and memory. 2015; 119: 85-92.
13. Kantak SS, Sullivan KJ, Fisher BE, Knowlton BJ, Winstein CJ. Neural substrates of motor memory consolidation depend on practice structure. Nature neuroscience. 2010; 13(8): 923-5.
14. Kantak SS, Sullivan KJ, Fisher BE, Knowlton BJ, Winstein CJ. Transfer of motor learning engages specific neural substrates during motor memory consolidation dependent on the practice structure. Journal of motor behavior. 2011; 43(6): 499-507.
15. Khodadadi D, Siyahkohian M, Bolboli L. Effect of aerobic exercise on fibrinolysis responsess of Judo players in the morning and evening. Sports Physiology. 2013;. 5(17): 84-73. (In Persian)
16. Pallarés JG, López-Samanes Á, Moreno J, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodríguez R. Circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular and sprint swimming performance. Biological Rhythm Research. 2014; 45(1): 51-60.
17. Thun E, Bjorvatn B, Flo E, Harris A, Pallesen S. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep medicine reviews. 2015; 23:1-9.
18. Peigneux P, Laureys S, Delbeuck X, Maquet P. Sleeping brain, learning brain. The role of sleep for memory systems. Neuroreport. 2001; 1(18): 111-24.
19. Walker MP, Brakefield T, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learning. Neuron. 2002; 35(1): 205-11.
20. Annett M. A classification of hand preference by association analysis. British journal of psychology. 1970; 61(3): 303-21.
21. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research. 1989; 28 (2):193-213.
22. Heidari A R, Ehteshamzadeh P, Marashi M. The relationship between sleep deprivation intensity, sleep quality, sleepiness and impaired mental health and educational performance in girls. Zan & Farhang. 2010. 1(4). 76-65. (In Persian)
23. Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International journal of chronobiology. 1975;4(2):97-110.
24. Ziyaii M, Amiri SH, Molavi H. Relationship between circadian type of scores and reaction time students In the morning and evening. Tazehaye ulome shenakhti. 2007. 9(2). 53-47. (In Persian)
25. Denny M, Frisbey N, Weaver Jr J. Rotary pursuit performance under alternate conditions of distributed and massed practice. Journal of experimental psychology. 1955; 48: (1): 49.
26. Eysenck HJ. Extraversion and the acquisition of eyeblink and GSR conditioned responses. Psychological bulletin. 1965; 63(4): 258.
27. Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Abdoshahi M. Effect of different offline periods of recall test on the enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit motor memory. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2015; 2(4). (In In Persian)
28. Romano Bergstrom JC, Howard JH, Howard DV. Enhanced implicit sequence learning in college‐age video game players and musicians. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2012; 26(1):91-6.
29. Hauptmann B, Reinhart E, Brandt SA, Karni A. The predictive value of the leveling off of within session performance for procedural memory consolidation. Cognitive Brain Research. 2005; 24(2):181-9.
30. Simmons AL. Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musicians’ skill learning. Journal of Research in Music Education. 2011.
31. Stickgold R, Walker MP. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: what is the role of sleep? Trends in neurosciences. 2005; 28(8): 408-15.
32. Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Shadmehr R. Consolidation patterns of human motor memory. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2008; 28(39): 9610-8.
33. Keisler A, Ashe J, Willingham DT. Time of day accounts for overnight improvement in sequence learning. Learning & Memory. 2007; 14(10): 669-72.
34. Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The dynamics of implicit skill consolidation in young and elderly adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2010.
35. Press DZ, Casement MD, Pascual-Leone A, Robertson EM. The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. Cognitive Brain Research. 2005; 25(1): 375-8.
36. Fischer S, Wilhelm I, Born J. Developmental differences in sleep's role for implicit off-line learning: comparing children with adults. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2007; 19(2): 214-27.
37. Dorfberger S, Adi-Japha E, Karni A. Sequence specific motor performance gains after memory consolidation in children and adolescents. PloS one. 2012; 7(1): 286-73.
38. Marshall L, Born J. The contribution of sleep to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2007; 11(10): 442-50.
39. Schabus M, Gruber G, Parapatics S, Sauter C, Klosch G, Anderer P, et al. Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation. Sleep. 2004; 27(8): 1479-85.
40. Mokhtari Dinani M, Farokhi A, Lotfi Gh, Nazarian A. Effect of variability of practice on performance and learning coordinated-coincident task. Amoozesh tarbiat badani. 2013; 13 (2): 1-11. (In In Persian)
41. Heitman RJ, Pugh SF, Kovaleski JE, Norell PM, Vicory JR. Effects of specific versus variable practice on the retention and transfer of a continuous motor skill. Perceptual and motor skills. 2005; 100 (3 suppl):1107-13.
42. Travlos AK. Specificity and variability of practice, and contextual interference in acquisition and transfer of an underhand volleyball serve. Perceptual and motor skills. 2010; 110(1): 298-312.
43. Abdoli B, Shamsipour DP, Modaberi SH, Shams A. The effect length of practice and using afferent information in physical and imagery practice on learning: Exploring the boundaries of the specificity of practice hypothesis. World journal of sport science. 2012; 6(3): 306-13.
44. Bahrami F, Movahedi AR, Siylani A. Dependence learn a skill real sports practice site, hypothesis testing exercise feature Motor Behavior. Roshd & Yadgiri. 2012; 9: 19-35. (In In Persian)
45. Goodwin J, Grimes C, Eckerson J, Gordon P. Effect of different quantities of variable practice on acquisition, retention, and transfer of an applied motor skill. Perceptual and motor skills. 1998; 87(1):147-51.
46. Shahrzad N, Bahram A, Shafizadeh M, Safari M. The effect of variability in exercise and aging on retention and transfer accuracy over arm throw in children. Roshd & Yadgiri. 2009; 1: 133-115. (In Persian)
47. Arab Ameri E, Estiri Z. The effect of constant and variable practice on retention and transfer accuracy over arm throw in preschool children. Raftar Harekati. 2013. 12. 46-33. (In Persian)
48. Song S. Consciousness and the consolidation of motor learning. Behavioural brain research. 2009; 196(2): 180-6.
49. Rahnama N, Foroghifar R, Amini H. The effect of balance training in the morning and afternoon on static and dynamic balance in elderly. Modiriat & Raftar Harekati. 2015; 11(21): 24-15. (In Persian)
)