Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Allameh Tabataba'i University
2 M.Sc. of Motor Behavior, Allameh Tabataba'i University
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of strength, special exercises, and combination of them on speed and accuracy of the elder's fine movements. Thirty elderly women with an average age of (72.4±1.6) were selected using available sampling. Subjects were categorized into three groups of strength, special and combination training using pretest of Purdue Pegboard Test. In this research, the strength training consisted of standard exercises for the wrist and fingers. Subjects in special training group perform rehabilitation movements of fingers and wrist, and combination group perform both of them. All subjects exercised (20 min each session, 3 times per week) and post-test of Purdue Pegboard was preformed after 8-week training. One sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene`s test Analysis of Covariate (ANCOVA) and Paired t-test were used for data analysis. The Results showed that there is no significant differences among three groups in speed and accuracy of fine movements (P>0.05). Special and strength exercises showed a significant effect (P<0.05) but combination method had no significant effect on speed and accuracy of movements (P>0.05). Accordingly, thus the special and strength exercises could improve fine movements, it would be recommended for elderly to perform mention above movements, at home, rehabilitation centers and elderly nursing homes for improving their daily quality of life.
Keywords
Main Subjects
2. Liubicich, M. E., Magistro, D., Candela, F., Rabaglietti, E., & Ciairano, S. Physical Activity, Fine Manual Dexterity and a Coach’s Self-Efficacy in a Physical Activity Program for Older Persons Living in Residential Care Facilities. Psychology. 2012; 3(05), 384.
3. Payne, G and Isaacs, L. Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach. khalaji, H. khajavi, D. first published. Arak: Arak university, 2005; 505-40. (In Persian)
4. Martin, L. J., Sale, M. V., & Semmler, J. G. Age-related differences in cortico spinal control during functional isometric contractions in left and right hands. J APPL PHYSIOL. 2005; 9, 1483- 93.
5. Vaillancourt, D.E., Larsson, L., & Newell, K. M. Effects of aging on force variability, single motor unit discharge patterns, and the structure of 10, 20, and 40 Hz EMG activity. NEUROBIOL AGING. 2003; 24, 25-35.
6. Murata, J., Murata, S., Hiroshige, J., Ohtao,. Horie, J, & Kai, Y. The influence of Age-related Changes in Tactile Sensibility and Muscular Strength on Hand Function in Older Adult Females. INTER J Gerontol. 2010; 4(4), 180-3.
7. Bowden, J. L, McNulty, P. A. The magnitude and rate of reduction in strength, dexterity and sensation in the human hand vary with ageing. EXP GERONTOL. 2013; 48(8), 756-65.
8. Scherder, E., Dekker, W., & Eggermont, L. Higher level hand motor function in aging and (preclinical) dementia, its relationship with (instrumental) activities of daily life A mini-review. Gerontology. 2008; 54, 333-41.
9. Topinkovà, E. Aging, disability and frailty. ANN NUTR METAB. 2008; 52, 6-1.
10. Baker, M. K., Atlantis, E., & Fiatarone Singh, M. A. Multi- modal exercise programs for older adults. AGE AGEING. 2007; 36, 375- 81.
11. Keogh, J.W., Morrison, S., & Barrett, R. Strength training improves the tri digit finger pinch force control of older adults. ARCH PHYS MED REHAB. 2007; 88, 1055-63.
12. Russ, D.W., Gregg-Cornell, K. Evolving concepts on the age-related changes in “muscle quality”. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012; 3 (2), 95–109.
13. Manini, T.M., Clark, B.C. Dynapenia and aging: an update. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.2012; 67 (1), 28–40.
14. Klass, M., Baudry, S., et al. Voluntary activation during maximal contraction with advancing age: a brief review. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.2007; 100 (5), 543–51.
15. Arnold, P., & Bautmans, I. The influence of strength training on muscle activation in elderly persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp gerony. 2014; 58, 58-68.
16. Gabriel, D. A., Kamen, G., & Frost, G. Neural adaptations to resistive exercise. Sports Med. 2006; 36(2), 133-49.
17. Van Cutsem, M., Duchateau, J., et al. Changes in single motor unit behavior contribute to the increase in contraction speed after dynamic training in humans. J. Physiol.1998; 513, 1, 295–305.
18. Macaluso, A., De Vito, G. Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 91(4), 450–72.
19. Koceja DM, Markus CA, Trimble MH. Postural modulation of the soleus H reflex in young and old subjects. Electro Clin Neur. 1995; 97: 387–93.
20. Angulo- Kinzler, RM., Mynark, R,G., Koceja, D.M. Soleus H-reflex gain in elderly and young adults: modulation due to body position. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53: 120–5.
21. Gillespie, L.D., Robertson, M.C., Gillespie, W.J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L.M., et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; 9(11).
22. Bahgeri, H., Abdolvahab, M., Raji, P., Jalili, M., Faghih Zadeh, S., Soltani, Z. The effects of progressive resistive exercises on Activities of Daily Living of elderly persons. M RJ. 2010; 4 (1 and 2), 56-9. (In Persian)
23. Katula, J. A., Rejeski, W. J., & Marsh, A. P. Enhancing quality of life in older adults: a comparison of muscular strength and power training. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2008; 6(1), 45-52.
24. Hirsch, M A., Toole, T., Maitland, CG., Rider, RA., The effects of balance training and high intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2003 ;31, 84(8),1109-17.
25. Nodim, J. O., Strasburg, D., Nabozny, M., Nyquist, L., Galecki, A., Chen, S., & Alexander, N. B. Dynamic balance and stepping versus tai chi training to improve balance and stepping in at risk older adults. J Amer Ger SOC. 2006; 54, 12, 1825-31.
26. Mansfield, A., Peters, A. L., Liu, B. A., Maki, B. E. Effect of a perturbation-based balance training program on compensatory stepping and grasping reactions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. PHYS THER.2010; 90, 4, 476-91.
27. Shin, K. R., Kang, Y., Park, H. J., Heitkemper, M. Effects of exercise program on physical fitness, depression, and self-efficacy of low-income elderly women in South Korea. Public Health Nurs. 2009; 26(6), 523-31.
28. Ranganathan, V, K., Siemionow, V., Sahgal, V., Liu, J, Z., & Yue, G, H. Skilled Finger Movement Exercise Improves Hand Function. Journal of Gerontology medical scince.2001; 56(8), 518-22.
29. Hutzler, Y,. Rodrıguez, B, L,. Laiz, N, M,. Dıez, I,. & Barak, B. The effects of an exercise training program on hand and wrist strength, and function, and activities of daily living, in adults with severe Cerebral Palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2013; 34(12), 4343–4354.
30. Mehdizadeh, H,. Taghizadeh, G,. Ashayeri, H,. Test-retest reliability of the Purdue Pegboard test in drug on-phase for patients with Parkinson's disease. Koomesh. 2010; 11,3:189-97. (In Persian)
31. Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. Motor control: theory and practical applications. 4thed. Williams & Wilkin; 2011. 502-28.
32. Pennathur, A., Contreras, R, L., Arcaute,K., & Dowling, F. Manual dexterity of older Mexican American adults: a cross-sectional pilot experimental investigation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2002; 32(6), 419-31.
33. Rydesko, Anna and other. Elderly people experience of resistance training. Department of physiotherapy, kungalv hospital sweden,2005; 7, 4, 162-9.
34. Chen, X. P., Lu, Y. M., & Zhang, J. Intervention study of finger-movement exercises and finger weight-lift training for improvement of handgrip strength among the very elderly. Inter J of Nursing Sci, 2014;1(2), 165-70.
35. Gaeini, A. A., Rajabi, H. Physical fitness. 12th.Tehran: Samt; 2015. P132-50. (In Persian)
36. Abasi, S., Hadian. M.R. The Effect of Eye-Hand Coordination Activities on Hand Skills of 7-10-Year-Old Educable Students with Down Syndrome. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci.2011; 21,83, 54-8. (In Persian)
37. Ghasempour, L., Hosseini, F.S., Mohammadzadeh, H. Effect of Sensory Integration Training on Fine Motor Skills in Children with Trainable Mental Retardation. MEJDS, 2013; 3, 1, 27-36. (In Persian)
)