نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه تبریز
2 گروه رفتارحرکتی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
چکیده
بازی یکی از محرک‌های مورد نیاز کودکان است و سهم عظیمی از هویت و تجارب کودک در آن کسب می‌شود. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه بازی در محیط‌های مختلف (فضای باز طبیعی و سرپوشیده) بر مهارت‌های ادراکی-بینایی و بهره هوشی کودکان پیش دبستانی است.
پژوهش حاضر از نوع علی-مقایسه‌ای بوده که بصورت میدانی انجام شد. جامعه‌ی آماری آن کودکان 6-4 ساله شهر تبریز بودند که نمونه آماری شامل دو گروه 30 نفره بود که به صورت هدفمند به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای سنجش مهارت‌های ادراکی-بینایی از آزمون فراستیگ و برای سنجش بهره هوشی از آزمون مهارت شناختی آدمک گودیناف استفاده شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آماری تی مستقل و تحلیل واریانس چند متغییری در نرم افزار spss22 در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.
نتایج نشان می‌دهد در کل ادراک بینایی کودکان(0001/0=P) و در بین خرده مقیاس‌های ادراک بینایی، هماهنگی‌حرکتی‌چشم (0001/0=P)، متن و زمینه (003/0=P)، وضعیت در فضا (003/0=P)، روابط ویژه (004/0=P) و همچنین در بهره هوشی نیز (001/0= p) بین دو گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود داشت. بطوری‌که نمرات کودکانی که در فضای باز طبیعی بازی می‌کردند، بیشتر از نمرات کودکانی بود در در فضای سرپوشیده بازی می‌کردند.
نوع محیطی که کودکان در آن فعالیت می‌کنند، بر رشد آنها اثرگذار است. محیط طبیعی، محیطی غنی از محرک‌هاست که بر رشد کودکان تاثیر چشمگیری دارد. برهمین اساس پیشنهاد می‌شود در دوران کودکی، جهت بهبود مهارت‌های ادراکی-بینایی و افزایش بهره هوشی، کودکان در فضاهای باز طبیعی فعالیت بیشتری داشته باشند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The comparison of outdoor and indoor play on Visual perception and IQ of preschool children
نویسنده [English]
- elaheh yousefi 2
1
2 Motor Behavior.Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]
Play is one of the most needed stimuli for children and it has a huge share of the child's identity and experiences. The purpose of this study was to compare the play in different environments (natural and indoor spaces) on visual perception skills and IQ of preschool children.
This study was a causal-comparative study conducted in the field. The statistical population consisted of 4-6 year old children in Tabriz city. The sample consisted of two groups of 30 people who were purposefully selected as the sample. Frostig test was used to assess perceptual-visual skills and Goodenoough’s cognitive skill test was used to measure IQ. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS software at the significant level of 0.05.
The results show that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the overall children's visual perception (P = 0.0001) and among the subscales of visual perception, eye motor coordination (P = 0.0001), figure-ground (P = 0.003), position in space (0.003), special relationships (p = 0.004) and also in intelligence (p = 0.001). The scores of children playing naturally outdoors were higher than those of children playing indoors.
The type of environment in which children work affects their growth. The natural environment is a rich of stimulus that has a significant impact on children's development. Therefore, it is suggested that children become more active in natural as outdoor spaces at childhood to improve their visual perception skills and increase their intelligence.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- play
- visual perception
- IQ
- Children
- Environment
- Haywood K, Getchell N. Life span motor development. 5th edition. Human Kinetics; 2009, pp: 15-308.
- Nesbitt, K. T., Fuhs, M. W., & Farran, D. C. Stability and instability in the co-development of mathematics, executive function skills, and visual-motor integration from prekindergarten to first grade. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2019.46 (1), 262-274.
- Wang, X., Woolley, H., Tang, Y., Liu, H. Y., & Luo, Y. Young children's and adults' perceptions of natural play spaces: A case study of Chengdu, southwestern China. Cities, 2018. 72(2), 173-180.
- Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Eighth Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2019, pp: 60-287.
- Araújo, D. Brymer, E. Brito, H. Withagen, R. Davids, K. The empowering variability of affordances of nature: Why do exercisers feel better after performing the same exercise in natural environments than in indoor environments? Psychology Sport Exercise. 2019; 42: 138-145.
- Freeman C, Tranter P. Children and their urban environment: Changing worlds. Routledge; 2012. pp: 43-53.
- Lester, S., & Maudsley, M. Play naturally: A review of children's natural play. London: Play England/National Children's Bureau. 2007. pp: 47-49.
- Louv R. Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Algonquin books. 2008; pp: 22-98.
- Bell PA, Greene TC, Fisher JD, Baum A. Environmental psychology. Harcourt (4th ed). 1996. pp: 5-30.
- Titman, W. Special Places, Special People: The Hidden Curriculum of School Grounds. UK: World Wide Fund for Nature/ Learning through Landscapes. 1994.
- Maynard T, Waters J. Learning in the outdoor environment: a missed opportunity? Early years. 2007. 27(3):255-65.
- Bento G, Dias G. The importance of outdoor play for young children's healthy development. Porto Biomedical Journal. 2017. 2(5):157-60.
- Loebach, J. Designing learning environments for children: An affordance-based approach to providing developmentally appropriate settings, (Unpublished master dissertation). Environmental Design Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 2005. pp: 3-40.
- Ngo, C. S., Pan, C. W., Finkelstein, E. A., Lee, C. F., Wong, I. B., Ong, J., ... & Saw, S. M. A cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating an incentive-based outdoor physical activity programme to increase outdoor time and prevent myopia in children. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2014. 34(3), 362-368.
- Barber, S. E., Jackson, C., Akhtar, S., Bingham, D. D., Ainsworth, H., Hewitt, C., &Routen, A. C. “Pre-schoolers in the playground” an outdoor physical activity intervention for children aged 18 months to 4 years old: study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2013. 14(1). 326.
- Hart, C.H., ed. Children on Playgrounds: Research Perspectives and Applications. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1993.
- Bjørgen, K. Physical activity in light of affordances in outdoor environments: qualitative observation studies of 3–5 years olds in kindergarten. Springerplus. 2016. 5(1). 950.
- Dijk-Wesselius, J.E.van., Maas, J., Hovinga, D., van Vugt., & van den Berg, A.E. The impact of greening schoolyards on the appreciation, and physical, cognitive and social-emotional well-being of schoolchildren: A prospective intervention study. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018. 180(1). 15-26.
- Acar, H. Learning environments for children in outdoor spaces. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014. 141(1). 846-853.
- Czalczynska-Podolska, M. The impact of playground spatial features on children's play and activity forms: An evaluation of contemporary playgrounds' play and social value. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2014. 38(2), 132–142.
- Fjørtoft, I. Landscape as play scape: The effects of natural environments on children's play and motor development. Children Youth and Environments.2004. 14(2). 21-44.
- Harvey, W. J. & Reid, G. Motor performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder A preliminary investigation. Adapted physical activity quarterly. 2003. 14(3). 189-202.
- Stephenson A. Physical risk-taking: dangerous or endangered? Early Years. 2003. 23(1): 35-43.
- Eskandarnejad M, Rezaei F, Jahedi M. The effect of sports participation on depth perception in elderly. jgn. 2016; 2 (3). 81-90.
- Khayatzadehmahani, M. Mardanishahrbabak, B. Rahgozar, M. Sarvari, M. Fadayi, F. Evaluation of visual perceptual skills in 13-17 year old normal children in Tehran. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2001. 38(1): 8-14. (In Persian).
- Sabagi, A. Heyrani, A. Yousefi, B. The Effect of Selected Perceptual-Motor Training program on Perceptual – Visual portion in Children.Journal of Motot Development and sport psychology. 10(1): 881-888. (In Persian).
- Delavar, A. Research Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Viraiesh publication, Tehran. pp: 2018.13-33. (In Persian).
- Wilson R. Nature and young children: Encouraging creative play and learning in natural environments. Routledge. 2007.
- Frostig, M. Advanced Perceptual Test - Frostig's "diagnosis and treatment" vision. Translate Tabrizi, M. musavi, M. Tehran. Fararavan Publishing Company. 2018. pp: 2-91. (In Persian).
- Farhadi, A. PouretemadH, M. Indicators of aggression in draw-a-man test in 9 years boys. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2008. 10(3). 199-207. (In Persian).
- Ramezaninejad, R. Bozorgpour, B. Physical and Motor Development. First Edition, Gilan University of Publications. Gilan. 2017. pp: 1-35. (In Persian).
- Seifert, L. Wattebled, L. Herault, R. Poizat, G. Adé, D. Gal-Petitfaux, N. Davids, K. Neurobiological degeneracy and affordance perception support functional intra-individual variability of inter-limb coordination during iceclimbing. PLoS One. 2014. 9(2). 89-865.
- Cordovil, R. Araújo, D. Davids, K. Gouveia, L. Barreiros, J. Fernandes, O.Serpa, S. The influence of instructions and body-scaling as constraints on decisionmaking processes in team sports. European Journal of Sport Science. 2009. 9(3). 169–179.
- Santrock, J W. Child Development. 10th St. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007.
- Aziz, AA. & Ahmad, AS. Low cost flats outdoor space as children social environment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012. 38(1). 243-252.
- White, J. Playing and Learning Outdoors: Making provision for high quality experiences in the outdoor environment with children 3–7. Routledge. 2013.
- Mohammadi L, Hejazi Deanan P, ShamsipourDehkordi P. The Role of the Developmental Environment (Home, Kindergarten, and Nursery) on the Intelligence Quotient and Social Skills of Children. jcmh. 2019. 6 (3). 126-137. (In Persian).
- Bahrami, A. Psychosocial aspects of competitive sport in children and adolescents. First Edition. Tehran: Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. 2016. pp: 18-305. (In Persian).
)