نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه رفتارحرکتی و علوم شناختی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی
3 دانشیار دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی تهران
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش، مطالعه تاثیر کانون توجه بیرونی بر کینماتیک پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال بود.20 نفر از دانشجویان (دامنه سنی 2/1±21 سال، زن، بدون تجربه در بسکتبال)، به صورت در دسترس از بین دانشجویان دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه تصویرسازی کانون توجه بیرونی دور و نزدیک تقسیم شدند. تکلیف، 20 پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال بود که در دو شرایط تصویرسازی کانون توجه بیرونی دور (توجه به حلقه) و کانون توجه بیرونی نزدیک (توجه به مسیر توپ) انجام شد. داده های کینماتیکی مفصل مچ توسط شش دوربین موشن آنالایزر ثبت شد. نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس مرکب نشان داد که بین دو گروه تصویرسازی کانون توجه بیرونی دور و نزدیک در دامنه جابه‌جایی مفصل مچ، تفاوتی وجود نداشت (05/0 < p). اما دامنه جابه‌جایی مفصل مچ در دو گروه به طور معناداری نسبت به شرایط پیش‌آزمون بیشتر بود (386/0 P). با این حال دامنه جا به جایی مفصل مچ بین دو گروه در پس آزمون به طور معناداری بیشتر از پیش آزمون بود (072/0 P). نتایج این مطالعه از فرضیه عمل محدود شده وولف که بیان می‌کند توجه به نشانه های بیرونی و مرتبط با حرکت می تواند برای اجرا مفید باشد، اثر فاصله بهینه در کانون توجه بیرونی و نظریه درجات آزادی برنشتاین که بر رهایی درجات آزادی در طول تمرین که به اجرای موثرتر برای افراد مبتدی اشاره دارد، حمایت می کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Effect of Focus of Attention in Mental Imagery on Kinematics of Basketball Free Throw
نویسندگان [English]
- arezoo tahan 1
- mahin aghdai 2
- alireza farsi 3
1 Department of Motor Behavior in Sport and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Asistant Professor, Department of motor behavior, faculty of Sport Sciences & Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of motor behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences & Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of focus of attention in mental imagery on kinematics of basketball free throw. Twenty female students (21 ±1.2 years old, without experience in basketball) were randomly selected from the students of Shahid Beheshti University and randomly divided into two distant focusing imagery groups. The task was 20 free basketball shoots, which were performed in two conditions of imagery: the imagery of far external attention (attention to the ring) and the imagery of near external attention (attention to the ball’s path). The wrist kinematic data was also recorded by six motion analyzer cameras (OSPREY manufacturing USA motion Analysis Company and data analyses with cortex 2.6 version software).The results of analysis of variance revealed that there was no difference between the two groups of far and near external attention imagery in the kinematic variables of displacement range of the wrist joint (P =0/386). However, the displacement range of the wrist joint in the posttest between two groups was significantly higher than the pretest condition (P =0/072). The results of this study are based on Wulf’s constrained action hypothesis, which states that attention to external signs associated with motion can be useful for performance. The effect of the optimal distance in the focus of attention and the degrees of freedom theory of Bernstein, support the idea that the release of degrees of freedom for beginners may help to perform the exercise more efficiently.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- mental imagery
- focus of attention
- far external attention
- near external attention
- kinematics
- Schuster C, Glassel A, Scheidhauer A, ettlin T, Butler J. Motor imagery experiences and use:: asking patients after stroke where, when, what, why, and how they use imagery: a qualitative investigation. Stroke Research and Treatment, volume. 2012:2012;1-18.
- Sheikh M, Movahedi AR, Asad MR. The influence of the priority and delay of mental practice on learning a cognitive-motor skills with emphasis on internal and external imagery. Research in Sport Science. 2008;14(4):139-52. (In Persian).
- Williams SE, Cooley SJ, Newell E, Weibull F, Cumming J. Seeing the difference: Developing effective imagery scripts for athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. 2013 May 1;4(2):109-21.
- Richardson A. Mental practice: a review and discussion part I. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1967 Mar 1;38(1):95-107.
- Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor Control and learning. 4th 2005. pp. 180-1.
- Wulf G. Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning. Psychological Research. 2003;67:22-9.
- Park SH, Yi CW, Shin JY, Ryu YU. Effects of external focus of attention on balance: a short review. Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(12):3929-31.
- Azizi HS, Hosseini F. Effect of external and internal focus of attention instructions in field dependence and independence on performance and learning of dart throwing. Motor Behavior (Research in Sports Science). 2015;7(22):131-48. (In Persian).
- Tsetseli M, Zetou E, Vernadakis N, Michalopoulou M. The effect of internal and external focus of attention on game performance in tennis. Acta Gymnica. 2016 Dec 31;46(4):162-73.
- Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of sport and Exercise psychology. 2013 Sep 1;6(1):77-104.
- Caliari PA. Enhancing forhand acquisition table tennis: the rool of mental practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2008;20(1):88-96.
- Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 10 years of research. E-Journal Bewegung and Training 2007:1-11.
- Kheirkhiz M, Bahram A. The effect of increasing distance of external attention on electromyography in dart throwing. Motor Behavior. 2014;19:51-64. (In Persian).
- Fazel F, Morris T, Watt A, Maher R. The effects of different types of imagery delivery on basketball free-throw shooting performance and self-efficacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2018;39:29-37.
- Simonsmeier BA, Frank C, Gubelmann H, Schneider M. The effects of motor imagery training on performance and mental representation of 7-to 15-year-old gymnasts of different levels of expertise. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2018;7(2):155.
- Sherwood DE, Lohse KR, Healy AF. Judging joint angles and movement outcome: Shifting the focus of attention in dart-throwing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2014;40(5):1903.
- Porter JM, Anton PM, Wu WF. Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances standing long jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012 Sep 1;26(9):2389-93.
- Asadi A, Abdoli B, Farsi A, Saemi E. Effect of various attentional focus instructions on novice javelin throwing skill performance. Med Sport. 2015;68(1):99-107. (In Persian).
- Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF. How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human movement science. 2010;29(4):542-55.
- An J, Wulf G, Kim S. Increased carry distance and X-factor stretch in golf through an external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Learning and Development. 2013;1(1):2-11.
- Naeimikia M, Arab Ameri E, Ashayeri H, Hammayat Talab R, Azma K. The Effect of External Focus of Attention Instruction during Walking Training on Old Women’s Gait Kinematic Parameters. Journal of sports and Motor development and learning. 2011 Oct 23;3(2):137-53.(In Persion)
- Lutz R, Landers DM, Linder DE. Procedural variables and skill level influences on pre-performance mental practice efficacy. Journal of Mental Imagery. 2001.
- Rose Debra J, Christina Robert W. Learning and control motor of study the to approach multilevel.[Namazi zadeh M, Jalali Sh, Persian translate]. Tehran: Nersi Publishers. 2012.
- Wulf G, Shea C, Lewthwaite R. Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Medical education. 2010;44(1):75-84.
- White AL, Carrasco M. Feature-based attention involuntarily and simultaneously improves visual performance across locations. Journal of vision. 2011;11(6):15-.
- Landers DM. The arousal-performance relationship revisited. Research Quarterly for exercise and sport. 1980;51(1):77-90.
- Halperin I, Williams KJ, Martin DT, Chapman DW. The effects of attentional focusing instructions on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2016;30(4):919-23.
- De Vries S, Mulder T. Motor imagery and stroke rehabilitation: a critical. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:5-13.
- Sanders AF, Sanders A. Elements of human performance: Reaction processes and attention in human skill: Psychology Press; 2013.
- Haghkhah A, Sohrabi M, Hamidreza T, Ghalehroudhkani H, Tabar M. The effect of mental imagery focus of attention on performance and learning of children dart throwing skill. International Journal of Sport Studies. 2014;4(1):161-7.
- Hemayattalab R, Movahedi A. Effects of different variations of mental and physical practice on sport skill learning in adolescents with mental retardation. Research in developmental disabilities. 2010;31(1):81-6.
- Ducharme SW, Wu WF, Lim K, Porter JM, Geraldo F. Standing long jump performance with an external focus of attention is improved as a result of a more effective projection angle. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2016;30(1):276-81.
- Wulf G, McConnel N, Gärtner M, Schwarz A. Enhancing the learning of sport skills through external-focus feedback. Journal of motor behavior. 2002;34(2):171-82.
- Zachry T, Wulf G, Mercer J, Bezodis N. Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain research bulletin. 2005;67(4):304-9.
)