نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشـگاه اصفـهان، اصفهان. ایران
2 دانشکده علوم ورزشی. دانشگاه اصفهان. اصفهان. ایران
چکیده
توضـیح مبتنی بر ویژگـی عمل برای ادراک ادعا می‌کند که ادراک فضایی بر مبنای قابلیت‌های ادراک‌کننده برای انجام عمل تنظیم می‌شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی آثار سطح مهارت و دشواری تکلیف بر ادراک فاصله توسط سنگ‌نوردان بود. از سنگ‌نوردان ماهر (تعداد = ۱۵، میانگین سن = ۷۰/۲ ± ۸۰/۲۳سال، تجربة سنگ‌نوردی = ۷۴/۱ ± ۸۰/۳ سال) و تازه‌کار (تعداد = ۱۵، میانگین سن = ۱۴/۳ ± ۷۳/۲۲ سال، تجربة سنگ‌نوردی کمتر از دو ماه) درخواست شد فاصله‌شان را تا گیرههای هدف روی دیوارة سنگ‌نوردی به‌صورت کلامی برآورد کنند. دشواری صعود با الزام شرکت‌کنندگان به استفاده از یک کوله‌پشتی سنگین یا شرایط بدون کوله‌پشتی هنگام قضاوت در مورد فاصله تا گیرههای هدف روی دیواره دست‌کاری شد. فواصل برآورد شده با استفاده از یک طرح تحلیل واریانس مخلوط (کرت‌های تقسیم‌شده) با فاصله تا هدف و دشواری تکلیف به‌عنوان عوامل درون‌آزمودنی‌ها و سطح مهارت به‌عنوان عامل بین آزمودنی‌ها تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد تازه‌کار‌ها فواصل هدف را در مقایسه با ماهرها بیشتر تخمین زدند. افزون‌براین، شرکت‌کنندگان در شرایط بدون کوله‌پشتی در مقایسه با شرایط حمل کوله‌پشتی، دسترسی به گیرههای هدف را آسان‌تر ادراک کردند. برای هر دو گروه سنگ‌نوردان ماهر و تازه‌کار، فواصل در وضعیت حمل کوله‌پشتی دورتر از شرایط بدون کوله‌پشتی به نظر می‌رسید. نتایج به‌طورکلی مؤید آن است که اشخاص محیط را بر مبنای توانایی خود در انجام اعمال ادراک می‌کنند و اینکه ادراک ویژة عمل در زمینه‌های مختلف، ازجمله سنگ‌نوردی داخل سالن عمومیت دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Action-specific perception in rock climbing: The effects of skill level and task difficulty
نویسندگان [English]
- Shokouh Shayesteh 1
- Hamid Salehi 2
- Mehdi Rafei 2
1 Faculty of Sport Sciences,, University of. Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
2 Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]
The action-specific account of perception asserts that spatial perception is scaled by the perceiver's capabilities for action. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of skill level and task difficulty on distance perception by rock climbers. Skilled (n= 15, Mage = 23.80 ± 2.70 years; rock climbing experience = 3.80 ± 1.74 years) and novice (n = 15, Mage= 22.73 ± 3.14 years; rock climbing experience < two months) rock climbers were asked to verbally estimate their distance to target holds on the indoor climbing wall. Climbing difficulty was manipulated by requiring the participants to wear a heavy backpack or taking it off (no-backpack condition) while judging their distances to the hold targets on the wall. The estimated distances as the dependent variable were analyzed by a mixed design (split-plot) analysis of variance with target distance and task difficulty as within-subjects factors, and skill level as a between-subjects factor. Results showed that the novices estimated the target distances to be farther compared to the skilled rock climbers. Furthermore, the participants perceived the target climbing holds on the no-backpack condition were easier to reach than on the backpack condition. For skilled and novice rock climbers, the distances looked farther on the backpack condition than on the no-backpack condition. The results generally suggest that individuals perceive the environment based on their capabilities to perform actions and that the action-specific perception is common to various types of settings, including indoor rock climbing.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- visual perception
- distance perception
- ecological approach
- perception-action integration
- Pylyshyn Z. Is vision continuous with cognition?: The case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception. Behavioral and brain sciences. 1999; 22(3): 341-65.
- Gibson JJ. The theory of affordances the ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Miffin; 1979.
- Witt JK. Action’s effect on perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011; 20(3): 201-6.
- Witt JK, Schuck DM, Taylor JET. Action-specific effects underwater. 2011; 40(5): 530-7.
- Witt JK, Linkenauger SA, Bakdash JZ, Proffitt DR. Putting to a bigger hole: Golf performance relates to perceived size. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2008; 15(3): 581-5.
- Proffitt DR, Bhalla M, Gossweiler R, Midgett J. Perceiving geographical slant. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 1995; 2(4): 409-28.
- Bhalla M, Proffitt DR. Visual–motor recalibration in geographical slant perception. Journal of experimental psychology: Human perception and performance. 1999; 25(4): 1076-96.
- Proffitt DR, Stefanucci J, Banton T, Epstein W. The role of effort in perceiving distance. Psychological Science. 2003; 14(2): 106-12.
- Witt JK, Proffitt DR, Epstein W. Perceiving distance: A role of effort and intent. Perception. 2004; 33(5): 577-90.
- Stefanucci JK, Proffitt DR. The roles of altitude and fear in the perception of height. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2009; 35(2): 424-38.
- Witt JK, Proffitt DR. See the ball, hit the ball apparent ball size is correlated with batting average. Psychological Science. 2005; 16(12): 937-8.
- Witt JK, Dorsch TE. Kicking to bigger uprights: Field goal kicking performance influences perceived size. 2009; 38(9): 1328-40.
- Lee Y, Lee S, Carello C, Turvey M. An archer's perceived form scales the “hitableness” of archery targets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2012; 38(5): 1125-31.
- Taylor JET, Witt JK, Sugovic M. When walls are no longer barriers: Perception of wall height in parkour. Perception. 2011; 40(6): 757-60.
- Proffitt DR, Linkenauger SA. Perception viewed as a phenotypic expression. In: Prinz W, Beisert M, Herwig A, editors. Action science: Foundations of an emerging discipline. 171. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2013.
- Wieczorek GF, Snyder JB. Historical rock falls in yosemite national park, California. US Geological Survey Open-File Report. 2004; 3: 491.
- Seifert L, Dicks M, Wittmann F, Wolf P. The perception of nested affordances: An examination of expert climbers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2021; 52: 101843.
- Seifert L, Dicks M, Wittmann F, Wolf P. The influence of skill and task complexity on perception of nested affordances. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2021; 1-10.
- Cohen J. Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor anova designs. Educational and psychological measurement. 1973; 33(1): 107-12.
- Witt JK, Proffitt DR. Action-specific influences on distance perception: A role for motor simulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2008; 34(6): 1479-92.
- Witt JK, Linkenauger SA, Wickens CD. Action-specific effects in perception and their potential applications. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2016; 5(1): 69-76.
- Martha C, Sanchez X, Gomà-i-Freixanet M. Risk perception as a function of risk exposure amongst rock climbers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2009; 10(1): 193-200.
- Firestone C. How "paternalistic" is spatial perception? Why wearing a heavy backpack doesn't-and couldn't-make hills look steeper. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013; 8(4): 455-73.
- Proffitt DR. An embodied approach to perception: By what units are visual perceptions scaled? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013; 8(4): 474-83.
- Gray R, Beilock SL, Carr TH. “As soon as the bat met the ball, I knew it was gone”: Outcome prediction, hindsight bias, and the representation and control of action in expert and novice baseball players. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2007; 14(4): 669-75.
- Wesp R, Gasper J. Is size misperception of targets simply justification for poor performance? 2012; 41(8): 994-6.
- Seifert L, Orth D, Button C, Brymer E, Davids K. An ecological dynamics framework for the acquisition of perceptual–motor skills in climbing. In: Francesco F, editor. Extreme sports medicine: Springer; 2017. p. 365-82.
- Ward P, Hodges NJ, Starkes JL, Williams MA. The road to excellence: Deliberate practice and the development of expertise. High ability studies. 2007; 18(2): 119-53.
)