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اثر آرایش‌های منتخب تمرین بر اکتساب و یادگیری زمانبندی نسبی یک تکلیف حرکتی: با تأکید بر رویکرد یادگیری آشکار و پنهان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری یادگیری حرکتی دانشکده علوم ورزشی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشیار دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان

چکیده

هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی آرایش مختلف تمرین بر یادگیری زمانبندی نسبی یک تکلیف حرکتی بود. بدین منطور 64 شرکت‌کننده بصورت در دسترس با دامنه سنی (4= انحراف معیار ،22= میانگین) انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در پنج گروه (کنترل، کم‌خطا، پرخطا، تصادفی و نظام‌دار فزاینده) تقسیم شدند. این پژوهش در چهار مرحله: الف) پیش آزمون (10 کوشش)، ب) سه جلسه اکتساب برای هر گروه آزمایشی(45 کوشش در هر جلسه در مجموع 135 کوشش تمرینی)، ج) یادداری10دقیقه و 24 ساعته (10 کوشش برای هر آزمون) پس از مرحله اکتساب، د) انتقال 10 دقیقه و 24 ساعته (10 کوشش برای هر آزمون) پس از مرحله اکتساب انجام شد. در مرحله اکتساب، چهار گروه آزمایشی، بجز گروه کنترل، تکلیف زمانبندی را با سه سطح دشواری متفاوت(ساده، متوسط، دشوار) با دریافت بازخورد تمرین کردند. تحلیل داده‎ها با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس مرکب، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه (ANOVA) و آزمون تعقیبی LSD انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها در زمانبندی نسبی (RMSE) نشان داد که در پیش‌آزمون تفاوت معناداری بین گروه‌ها وجود ندارد. به علاوه، در آزمون‌های یادداری و انتقال، گروه‌های کم‌خطا و نظام‌دار فزاینده عملکرد بهتری نسبت به گروه‌های دیگر داشتند، همه (05/0≥PS). همچنین در آزمون انتقال تکیف ثانویه (24 ساعت) گروه‎های کم‌خطا و نظام‌دار فزاینده عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با سایر گروه‎ها داشتند، همه (05/0≥PS). نتایج حاکی از آن است که تمرین در گروه‌های کم‌خطا و نظام‌دار فزاینده منجر به یادگیری بهتر تکلیف و تعمیم‌دهی بهتر آن به شرایط جدید می‌گردد. این یافته‎ها مطابق با نظریه‌های یادگیری پنهان و بازپردازش آگاهانه می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of selected practice arrangement on acquisition and learning of the relative timing of a motor task: Emphasis on implicit and explicit approaches

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Nazari Kakvandi 1
  • Alireza Saberi Kakhki 2
  • Hamidreza Taheri 3
  • Hassan Rohbanfard 4

1 PhD Candidate of Motor Learning

2 Associate Prof of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad(FUM)

3 Professor of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

4 Bu-Ali Sina University

چکیده [English]

The aim of this study was to investigate the different arrangement of practice on the learning the relative timing was a fine motor task. For this reason 64 Participants were selected aged 22±4 years as accessible samplas randomly assigned to one of 5 groups (control, errorful, errorless, gradual increases and random). This study was carried out in four phases which including, which included pre-test (PRT), acquisition (ACQ), and 10-min and 24-hr, delayed retention and transfer tests. First phase (pre-test), subjects participated in 10 trials without knowledge of results (KR) on four-segment timing task. In the acquisition phase, a timing task with three different difficulty levels (simple, moderate, and difficult) was practiced in three sessions of 45 trials with feedback on the total movement time (TMT) and time of each segment of the task (intermediate times; ITs) by experimental groups, except for control. Then, 10-min and 24-hours after the acquisition phase, delayed retention and transfer tests were performed. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in the pre-test. However, in the 10 minute and 24 hour retention / transfer tests, all groups performed better than the control group. Additionally, in all retention and transfer tests, errorless and gradual increases groups in the relative timing (intermediate times) (RMSE), These results show that practice in gradual increases and errorless groups leads to a better learning of the task and its generalization to new conditions that are consistent with the implicit learning and reinvestment theories.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • systematically Increasing practice schedule
  • implicit motor learning
  • errorless and errorful learning
  • relative timing
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رفتار حرکتی
دوره 13، شماره 45
پاییز1400
مهر 1400
صفحه 61-90
فایل ها
سابقه مقاله
  • تاریخ دریافت: 05 خرداد 1397
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 13 آذر 1397
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 18 آذر 1397
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