تاثیر خودگویی هدفمند بر افکار خودآیند منفی و عملکرد حرکتی در رقابت پرتاب دارت

دانا, امیر; خلیل زاده کوچمشکی, منصور

doi:10.22089/mbj.2025.16921.2169

تاثیر خودگویی هدفمند بر افکار خودآیند منفی و عملکرد حرکتی در رقابت پرتاب دارت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

امیر دانا ¹

منصور خلیل زاده کوچمشکی ²

¹ دانشیار، گروه تربیت بدنی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تبریز، ایران

² گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد سلماس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سلماس، ایران.

https://doi.org/10.22089/mbj.2025.16921.2169

چکیده

هدف تحقیق حاضر مطالعه اثر خودگویی ارگانیک هدفمند بر افکار خودآیند منفی و عملکرد در رقابت پرتاب دارت بود؛ بر این اساس، 36 دانشجوی مبتدی در زمینه پرتاب دارت انتخاب شده و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه خودگویی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. در ابتدا در یک جلسه آموزشی تکنیک صحیح پرتاب دارت توسط یک مربی حرفه‌ای به آن‌ها آموزش داده شد و 100 پرتاب تمرینی به سمت تخته دارت تجربه کردند و خطای آن‌ها شناسایی و اصلاح شد. سپس هر دو گروه در مرحله پیش‌آزمون شامل دو دسته پرتاب 10 کوششی شرکت کردند و عملکرد آن‌ها سنحیده شد و پرسشنامه افکار خودآیند منفی (QNS) هولون و کندال را در پایان پیش‌آزمون تکمیل کردند. در مرحله بعد، دوباره دو دسته پرتاب 10 کوششی در شرایط رقابتی بین شرکت‌کنندگان انجام شد؛ با این تفاوت که گروه خودگویی ارگانیک هدفمند قبل از پرتاب دارت از عبارت‌های خودگویی ارگانیک هدفمند استفاده کردند، اما گروه کنترل در طول پرتاب‌ها از هیچ نوع خودگویی استفاده نکردند. دوباره امتیازات پرتاب دارت سنجیده شد و پرسشنامه افکار خودآیند منفی تکمیل شد. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد که خودگویی منجر به بهبود عملکرد پرتاب دارت در طول رقابت و کاهش افکار خودآیند منفی شد. به طور کلی، به نظر می‌رسد خودگویی ارگانیک هدفمند در طول رقابت پرتاب دارت از طریق تغییر شناختی از تهدیدها به چالش‌ها از بروز خودگویی خودکار منفی جلوگیری کرده و با افزایش اعتمادبه‌نفس و کاهش اضطراب زمینه بهبود عملکرد را فراهم کرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

خودگویی ارگانیک

خودگویی هدفمند

افکار منفی

عملکرد حرکتی

پرتاب دارت

موضوعات

یادگیری مهارت های ورزشی

عنوان مقاله English

The Effect of Goal-Directed Organic Self-Talk on Negative Spontaneous Thoughts and Motor Performance in the Throwing Competition

نویسندگان English

Amir Dana ¹

mansour Khalilzadeh Kouchameshki ²

¹ Associate of professor, Department of physical education, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran

² Assistant Prof, Department of Physical Education and sport science, Salmas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Salmas, Iran.

چکیده English

Extended Abstract
Background and Purpose
This study investigated the impact of targeted organic self-talk on negative automatic thoughts and motor performance during a dart-throwing competition among students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. Participants included 36 healthy, right-handed students with no prior experience in dart throwing, who were randomly assigned to either a targeted organic self-talk intervention group or a control group. Negative automatic thoughts were measured using the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (QNS), while motor performance was assessed by calculating the absolute error between the dart’s hitting point and the target center. The results demonstrated that the targeted organic self-talk group exhibited improved dart-throwing accuracy alongside a significant reduction in negative automatic thoughts compared to the control group. These findings imply that targeted organic self-talk serves as an effective intervention to enhance athletic performance and mitigate negative cognitive patterns in athletes.
Emotions are critical in competitive sports, influencing performance by either facilitating or impairing execution. Emotion regulation constitutes a fundamental concept within sports psychology, encompassing various strategies such as situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Among these, cognitive change—altering one's interpretation of situational stimuli—is widely considered the most effective. Targeted organic self-talk represents a subtype of cognitive change, involving deliberate self-directed verbalizations aimed at problem-solving or performance enhancement. This study sought to evaluate the influence of such targeted organic self-talk on negative automatic thoughts and motor performance within the context of dart throwing competition.

Methods
The sample consisted of 36 students from Islamic Azad University of Tabriz who were randomly allocated into two groups: an intervention group receiving targeted organic self-talk training and a control group without intervention. Initially, participants engaged in a pre-test dart-throwing competition, during which their negative automatic thoughts and motor performance were evaluated. Subsequently, the intervention group underwent a targeted organic self-talk program, whereas the control group did not receive any specific intervention. Following this, a post-test dart throwing session was conducted with the same assessments of negative thoughts and motor performance.
Findings
The analysis revealed that participants in the targeted organic self-talk group significantly improved their dart-throwing performance, exhibiting decreased absolute error scores. Concurrently, this group demonstrated a notable reduction in negative automatic thoughts compared to the control group, which showed no comparable gains. These results support the efficacy of targeted organic self-talk as a viable cognitive intervention for enhancing motor skill execution and reducing detrimental automatic negative cognitions in athletic contexts.
Conclusion
This study confirms the utility of targeted organic self-talk as an effective intervention to boost athletic performance while diminishing negative cognitive interference. Employing such intentional self-talk facilitates athletes’ regulation of thoughts and emotions, fostering improved motor performance and decreased psychological distress. These conclusions align with prior research substantiating the role of targeted organic self-talk in sports performance enhancement.
Targeted organic self-talk offers promising applications for improving performance and cognitive control among athletes. Future research should explore its effectiveness across diverse sports disciplines and athlete populations. Additionally, investigations into the underlying psychological and neurocognitive mechanisms mediating the benefits of targeted self-talk are warranted.
Practically, these findings suggest valuable applications for sports coaches and psychologists. Coaches can integrate targeted organic self-talk techniques to optimize their athletes’ performance and mental resilience. Sports psychologists may employ these methods to equip athletes with coping strategies and promote overall psychological well-being.
This study has several limitations, including a relatively small sample size and the use of university students as participants, which may limit generalizability. Furthermore, the investigation focused exclusively on dart throwing performance; thus, replication in other sports is necessary to broaden applicability.
Keywords: Organic Self-Talk, Goal-Directed, Negative Thoughts, Motor Performance, Dart Throwing
Article Message
Organic self-talk represents a novel arena within self-talk research, and this study invites further examination of its effects on athletic performance across varied sports and contexts.
Ethical Considerations
This research was conducted in strict accordance with ethical standards for human research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.
Authors’ Contributions
The first author was responsible for the research design, data collection, analysis, and drafting of the final report. The second author contributed to data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest concerning the publication of this manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their sincere gratitude to all study participants for their cooperation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Organic self-talk

Goal-directed Self-talk

negative thoughts

Motor performance

throwing darts

1. Jekauc D. Emotionen im sport. Z Sport psychol. 2018; 25:51–2. https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000229

2. Blascovich J. Challenge, threat, and health. In: Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2008. p. 431-43. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888148.ch25

3. Vick SB, Seery MD, Blascovich J, Weisbuch M. The effect of gender stereotype activation on challenge and threat motivational states. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2008;44(3):624-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.02.007

4. Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychol Inq. 2015;26(1):1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781

5. Webb TL, Miles E, Sheeran P. Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(4):775-808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600

6. Lazarus RS. How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The Sport Psychol. 2000;14(3):229-52. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.3.229

7. Latinjak AT, Zourbanos N, López-Ros V, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes' self-talk. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014;15(5):
548-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.007

8. Jones M, Meijen C, McCarthy PJ, Sheffield D. A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009;2(2):161-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840902829331

9. Hase A, Hood J, Moore LJ, Freeman P. The influence of self-talk on challenge and threat states and performance. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019; 45:101550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101550

10. Latinjak AT, Hardy J, Comoutos N, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Nothing Unfortunate About Disagreements in Sport Self-Talk Research: Reply to Van Raalte, Vincent, Dickens. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000184

11. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E. Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;16:
138-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.014

12. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Zourbanos N, Mpoumpaki S, Theodorakis Y. Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2009;10(1):186-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.009

13. Martinent G, Nicolas M. Athletes’ affective profiles within competition situations: A two-wave study. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2017;6(2):143-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000085

14. Hase A. Challenge and threat states: An examination of variance components, interventions, and performance [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Essex; 2019.

15. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Zourbanos N, Galanis E, Theodorakis Y. Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011;6(4):348-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136

16. Navarudi SF, Tahmorsi N, Sedaghat M. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy (MBCT) on negative spontaneous thoughts and coping strategies to avoid and perceived stress of entrance exam candidates with physical symptoms. J Adolesc Youth Psychol Stud. 2020;1(1):177-89. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.1.1.16

17. Emanuel M, Jarus T, Bart O. Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: a randomized trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88(2):251-60. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060174

18. Dohme LC, Backhouse S, Piggott D, Morgan G. Categorising and defining popular psychological terms used within the youth athlete talent development literature: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2017;10(1):134-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2016.1185451

19. Latinjak AT, Hatzigeorgiadis A. The knowledge map of sport and exercise psychology: An integrative perspective. Front Psychol. 2021;12:661824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661824

20. De Matos LF, Bertollo M, Stefanello JMF, Pires FO, da Silva CK, Nakamura FY, et al. Motivational self-talk improves time-trial swimming endurance performance in amateur triathletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2021;19(3):446-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2020.1717576

21. Blanchfield AW, Hardy J, De Morree HM, Staiano W, Marcora SM. Talking yourself out of exhaustion: the effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(5):998-1007. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000184

22. Abdoli B, Hardy J, Riyahi JF, Farsi A. A closer look at how self-talk influences skilled basketball performance. The Sport Psychol. 2018;32(1):9-15. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0162

23. Latinjak AT, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Comoutos N, Hardy J. Speaking clearly... 10 years on: the case for an integrative perspective of self-talk in sport. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2019;8(4):353-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160

24. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Bartura K, Argiropoulos C, Comoutos N, Galanis E, Flouris AD. Beat the heat: effects of a motivational self-talk intervention on endurance performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2018;30(4):388-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395930

25. Galanis E, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Comoutos N, Charachousi F, Sanchez X. From the lab to the field: effects of self-talk on task performance under distracting conditions. The Sport Psychol. 2018;32(1):26-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0017

26. Galanis E, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Comoutos N, Papaioannou A, Morres ID, Theodorakis Y. Effects of a strategic self-talk intervention on attention functions. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022;20(5):1368-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2021.1963304

27. Meijen C, Turner M, Jones MV, Sheffield D, McCarthy P. A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes: A revised conceptualization. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00126

28. Latinjak AT, Hernando-Gimeno C, Lorido-Méndez L, Hardy J. Endorsement and constructive criticism of an innovative online reflexive self-talk intervention. Front Psychol. 2019; 10:1819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01819

29. Mildner JN, Tamir DI. Spontaneous thought as an unconstrained memory process. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42(11):763-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.001

30. Mazzoni G, Nelson TO. Metacognition and cognitive neuropsychology: monitoring and control processes. Psychology Press; 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805733

31. Ochsner KN, Silvers JA, Buhle JT. Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1251:
E1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x

32. Galanis E, Nurkse L, Kooijman J, Papagiannis E, Karathanasi A, Comoutos N, et al. Effects of a strategic self-talk intervention on attention functions and performance in a golf task under conditions of ego depletion. Sustainability. 2022;14(12):7046. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127046

33. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Theodorakis Y, Zourbanos N. Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2004;16(2):138-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437886