نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری یادگیری حرکتی، دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار یادگیری و کنترل حرکتی، دانشگاه تهران

3 استادیار یادگیری و کنترل حرکتی، دانشگاه تهران

4 استادیار حرکات اصلاحی و آسیب‌شناسی ورزشی، دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر نوع کانون توجه و فراوانی بازخورد بر دانش آشکار و یادگیری پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال بود. تعداد 50 دانش‌آموز به روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس به‌عنوان نمونة پژوهش انتخاب شدند. بعد از اجرای پیش‌آزمون، آزمودنی‌ها به روش تصادفی در پنج گروه آزمایشی (بازخورد تمرکز درونی با فراوانی 100 درصد، بازخورد تمرکز درونی با فراوانی 33 درصد، بازخورد تمرکز بیرونی با فراوانی100 درصد، بازخورد تمرکز بیرونی با فراوانی 33 درصد و کنترل) قرار گرفتند. در مرحلة اکتساب، گروه‌های آزمایشی شش دستة 10 کوششی (هر روز دو دستة 10 کوششی و درمجموع، 60 کوشش) در یک هفته و در سه جلسة آموزش انجام دادند؛ به‌طوری‌که  کانون توجه مرتبط با بازخورد (درونی یا بیرونی) را با فراوانی (33 درصد یا 100 درصد) دریافت کردند. بعد از 72 ساعت، آزمون‌های یادداری و انتقال با دسته‌های 10 کوششی و سنجش دانش آشکار آزمودنی‌ها انجام شد. دقت پرتاب با روش هاردی و پارفیت (1991) و دانش آشکار ازطریق پرسش‌نامه ارزیابی شد. براساس نتایج، تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر تأثیر معنا‌دار دستة کوشش را در همة گروه‌های آزمایشی پژوهش به‌جز گروه کنترل نشان داد (0.05 > P). تفاوت معناداری بین گروه‌های پژوهش در آزمون‌های یادداری و انتقال مشاهده شد (0.05 >P ). بین نوع دانش آشکار گروه‌های تمرکز بیرونی و درونی تفاوت معنا‌داری بود (0.05 > P)؛ اما بین تعداد آن‌ها تفاوت معنا‌داری وجود نداشت (0.05< .(Pیافته‌ها نشان داد که در گروه‌های بازخورد تمرکز بیرونی، تجمع معنادار دانش آشکار بیرونی مانع از تجزیة فرایندهای خودکار می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect Type of Attentional Focus and the Frequency of Feedback on Explicit Knowledge and the Learning of Basketball Free Throwing

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Pahlevan Yali 1
  • Mehdi Shahbazi 2
  • Seyad Mehdi Aghapour Hasiri 3
  • Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujen 2
  • Ali Shamsi Majelan 4

1 PhD Student in Motor learning, University of Tehran

2 Associate Professor of Learning and Motor Control, University of Tehran

3 Assistant Professor of Learning and Motor Control, University of Tehran

4 Assistant Professor of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injuries, University of Guilan

چکیده [English]

The purpose study was to investigate the effect type of attentional focus and the frequency of feedback on explicit knowledge and learning of Basketball free throwing. Fifty students were selected by accessible sampling method as a research sample. Subjects after the pretest randomly assigned to five experimental groups (internal focus feedback with frequency of 100%, internal focus feedback with frequency of 33%, external focus feedback with frequency of 100%, external focus feedback with frequency of 33% and control). At the acquisition phase, Experimental groups conducted six blocks of ten attempts (each day, two blocks of ten attempts and a total of 60 attempts) per week and in three training sessions so‌ that received attentional focus related to feedback (internal or external) with the relevant frequency (33% or 100%). After‌72 hours, the retention and transfer tests with blocks of ten attempts and measurement of explicit knowledge of subjects was done. Accuracy of throwing by Hardy and Parfit method (1991) and explicit knowledge by questionnaire was evaluated. ANOVA with repeated measure showed a significant effect on the block in all experimental groups except the control group (P<0/05). Significant difference was found between the research groups in the retention and transfer tests (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between type of explicit knowledge of the external and internal focus groups (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between of them (P > 0.05). The findings showed that the significant accumulation of external explicit knowledge in the external focus feedback groups prevents breakdown of automated processes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Attentional Focus of Feedback
  • Frequency of Feedback
  • Explicit Knowledge
  • Motor Learning
  • Basketball Free Throwing
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