نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه اصفهان

2 استادیار دانشگاه اصفهان

چکیده

هدف از این پژوهش بررسی نقش روتین‌های پیش از اجرا در عملکرد پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال در شرایط فشار رقابتی بود. از 20‌ بازیکن بسکتبال ماهر خانم خواسته شد تا پرتاب آزاد خود را در دو موقعیت کم‌فشار و پرفشار اجرا کنند. در مرحله اول این مطالعه، شرکت‌کنندگان 20 پرتاب آزاد را در شرایط کم‌فشار اجرا کردند. در این مرحله، روتین‌های پیش از اجرای آن‌ها مشخص شد. در مرحله دوم، شرکت‌کنندگان بر اساس عملکردشان در مرحله اول در دو گروه تجربی تقسیم شدند و از آن‌ها خواسته شد تا 20 پرتاب آزاد دیگر را در شرایط پرفشار انجام دهند. در این مرحله، از گروه اول خواسته شد که تمام پرتاب‌های آزاد خود را با انجام روتین ویژه خود اجرا کنند. در‌مقابل، از گروه دوم درخواست شد کلیه پرتاب‌های خود را با حذف روتین انجام دهند. دقت پرتاب‌های آزاد دو گروه در دو شرایط کم‌فشار و پرفشار مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد روتین‌های پیش از اجرا، اثر انسداد ناشی از شرایط فشار را تعدیل می‌کند. درمجموع، یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که روتین‌های پیش از اجرا نقش مثبتی در اجرای پرتاب آ‌زاد بسکتبال دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Pre-performance routines modified choking under pressure effects in free throws performance

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Rezayi 1
  • Hamid Salehi 2

چکیده [English]

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the role pre-performance routines (PPRs) on performance of basketball free-throws under competitive pressure. Twenty elite female basketball players were required to perform basketball free-throws under low and high pressure conditions. In the first phase, the participants performed 20 basketball free-throws under a low pressure condition. Their PPRs were detected in this phase. In the second phase, the participants were matched into two experimental groups based on their performance in the first phase. Then they were required to perform 20 basketball free-throws under a high pressure condition (competition). In this session, the first group was required to perform all of their free throws in the presence of the specific routines, while the other group was required to perform the free throws in the absence of the routines. The accuracy of basketball free-throws was compared under low and high pressure conditions between groups. The results showed that PPRs modified choking under pressure effects. In conclusion, PPRs were found to have a positive role on the performance of basketball free-throws.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • choking under pressure
  • Basketball Free Throw
  • pre-performance routine
1) Mesagno C, Marchant D, Moris T. The pre-performance routine to alleviate choking in choking susceptible athletes. The Sport Psychologist. 2008;22(4):439-57.
2) Weinberg R S, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2010.
3) Wilson M, Vine S, Wood G. The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2009;31:152-68.
4) Baumeister R F. Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984;46(3):610-20.
5) Baumeister R F, Showers C J. A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. European Journal of Social Psychology. 1986;16(4):361-83.
6) Mesagno C, Mullane-Grant T. A comparison of different pre-performance routines as possible choking interventions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2010;22(3):343-60.
7) Blascovich J, Mendes W, Hunter S, Salmon K. Social facilitation as challenge and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77 (1):68-77.
8) Moran A P. The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 1996.
9) Lonsdale C, Tam J T. On the temporal and behavioural consistency of pre-performance routines: An intra-individual analysis of elite basketball players' free throw shooting accuracy. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2008;26(3):259-66.
10) Schmidt R. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review. 1975;82(4):225-60.
11) Cohn P J, Rotella R J, Lloyd J W. Effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on the preshot routine and performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist. 1990;4(1):33-47.
12) Sherikian S M. Dribble, bend your knees, shoot: The effect of a pre-shot routine on basketball free throw performance under pressure. Northridge: California State University. M.A Thesis;2012.
13) Wrisberg C A, Pein R L. The preshot interval and free throw shooting accuracy: An exploratory investigation. The Sport Psychologist. 1992;6:14-23.
14) Price J, Gill D L, Etnier J, Kornatz K. Free-throw shooting during dual-task performance: Implications for attentional demand and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2009;80(4):718-26.
15) Rudski J M, Edwards A. Malinowski goes to college: Factors influencing students' use of ritual and superstition. The Journal of General Psychology. 2007;134(4):389-403.
16) Cotterill S T. Pre-performance routines in sport: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2010;3(2):132-53.
17) Lobmeyer D L, Wasserman E A. Preliminaries the free throw shooting: Superstitious behavior? Journal of Sport Behavior. 1986;9(2):70-8.
18) Gooding A, Gardner F L. An investigation of the relationship between mindfulness, preshot routine, and basketball free throw percentage. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. 2009;3(4):303.
19) Southard D, Miracle A. Rhythmicity, ritual, and motor performance: A study of free throw shooting in basketball. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1993;64:284-90.
20) Millea J B. The effects of removing the free throw preshot routine on free throw success rate. M.A Theies. Marshall M N: Southwest Minnesota State University; 2011.
21) Martens R, Burton D, Vealey R S, Bump L A, Smith D E. Development and validation of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In: Martens R, Vealey R S, Burton D, editors. Competitive Anxiety in Sport Champaign. Illinois: Human Kinetics; 1990.117-213.
22) Breslin G, Hodges N J, Steenson A, Williams A M. Constant or variable practice: Recreating the especial skill effect. Acta Psychologica. 2012;140(2):154-7.
23) Czech D, Ploszay A, Burke K L. An examination of the maintenance of preshot routines in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2004;27(4):323-9.
24) Lewis B, Linder D. Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1997;23:937-44.
25) Wine J. Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin. 1971;76(2):92-104.
26) Boutcher S H, Crews D J. The effect of a preshot attentional routine on a well-learned skill. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1987;‌18(1):30-9.
27) Beilock S L, Carr T H. On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2001;130(4):701-25.
28) Cotterill S T, Sanders R, Collins D. Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf: Why don't we ask the golfer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2010;22(1):51-64.