نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشیار دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر رنگ‌های گرم و سرد بر ادراک عمق ورزشکاران انجام شده‌است. این مطالعه به روش نیمه‌تجربی بود و نمونه شامل 72 ورزشکار سطوح دانشگاهی با میانگین سنی 98/1± 88/22 سال بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. آزمودنی‌ها در هر رنگ سه نوبت به کمک دستگاه ادراک عمق، رنگ و شکل پژوهش‌گر‌‌ساخته با روایی همزمان 833/0 و پایایی 879/0 که قابلیت ارزیابی ادراک عمق رنگی را با کوچک‌ترین خطا (یک‌ده‌هزارم سانتیمتر) داراست، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. میانگین این سه نوبت به‌عنوان نمره‌ی ادراک عمق افراد در هر رنگ مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون t در گروه‌های همبسته نشان داد که بین ادراک عمق در رنگ‌های گرم و سرد در ورزشکاران رشته‌های توپی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (0.016=P، df=35، t=-2.54). آزمودنی‌ها در رنگ‌های گرم ادراک عمق بهتری داشتند؛ ولی در ورزشکاران رشته‌های غیر توپی این تفاوت مشاهده نشد (0.05<P). نتایج پژوهش‌ نشان داد که ادراک عمق ورزشکاران در زمینه‌ی زرد، در رنگ‌های گرم در ورزشکاران توپی بهتر است. این مسأله شاید به این دلیل باشد که رنگ‌های طیف نارنجی - سبز – زرد، بیشترین حساسیت و بیشترین گیرنده‌ها را در شبکیه دارند. هم‌چنین‌ رنگ‌های سرد به‌علت طول موج کوتاه‌تر، شکست بیشتری نسبت به طول موج‌های بلند دارند. به‌علاوه، شاید تمرین مهارت‌های ادراکی در ورزشکاران توپی دلیل دیگر برتری ادراک عمق باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of warm and cold colors on athletes’ depth perception in ball and no ball games

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Ghotbi 1
  • Alireza Farsi 2
  • Behrooz Bdoli 2

چکیده [English]

This study has been conducted to draw the effect of warm and cold colors on depth perception in athletes. This method is a semi experimental and the sample was 72 athletes with average of 22.88± 1.98 years who were selected through available sampling Participants have been evaluated three times in each color by depth, color and shape perception apparatus. The average of these three times tests was used as depth perception scores of people in that color. Results of dependent t test showed that there are significant differences between the warm and cold colors in ball games (P=0.016, df=35, t=-2.54). But there was no significant difference between the warm and cold colors in no ball games (P>0.05). The result showed that in yellow background, athlete's depth perception in ball games in warm color was better than cold colors. The reason of this object maybe was that colors in orange-green- yellow spectrum have most receptors in retina. And also cold colors have more refraction than longer wavelengths. Moreover another reason that has been improved depth perception maybe was practice in perceptual skills in ball games.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Depth Perception
  • Warm and cold colors
  • Wave length
1) Rose Debra J, Christina Robert W. A multilevel approach to the study of motor control and learning. 2 edition. Benjamin Cummings; May 13, 2005.
2) Sage, GH. Motor learning and control: A neuropsychological approach - 424 pages. W.C. Brown; 1984
3) Montebello RA. the role of stereuscopic vision in some aspect of baseball playing ability[thesis]. Colombus Ohio. Ohio state university college of optometry. 1953
4) Olsen EA. relationship between psychological capacities and success in college athletics. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1956; 27(1): 79-89,
5) Ridini LM. Relationship between psychological function tests and selected sport skills of boys in jonior high school. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1968; 39(3): 674-83.
6) Morris GSD, Kreighbaum E. Dynamic visual acuity of varsity women volleyball and basketball players. Res Quart. 1977;48(2): 480–3.
7) Isaacs, L. Relationship between depth perception and basketball shooting performance over a competitive season. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1981; 53: 554-68.
8) Pavlidou S, Michalopoulou M, Aggeloussis N, Kioumourtzoglou E . Relationship between Perceptual and Motor Abilities on Fundamental Basketball Skills in 8-13 Years Old Children. Inquiries in Sports and Physical Education. 2006; 4(3) :399-408.
9) Sidaway B, McNitt- Gray J, Davis G. Visual timing of muscle pre activation in perception for landing. Ecological Psychology. 1989;14: 21-30.
10) Posner M I, Nissen M J, Klein R M. Visual dominance: An information-processing account of its origins and significance. Psychological Review.1976 Mar; 83(2):157-71.
11) Daggett WR, Cobble JE, Gertel SJ. Color in an Optimum Learning Environment. International Center for Leadership in Education. 2008; 1-8.
12) Hemphill M. A note on adults' color-emotion associations. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1996;157: 275-81.
13) Mahnke F. Color, environment, human response. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1996;248: 51-66.
14) Birren F. Color psychology and color therapy: A factual study of the influence of color on human life. New York: Citadel Press. 1989
15) Cobb R A. A Comparative study of color recognition in the peripheral field of vision of participants in selected sports. Springfield, Mass: s.n.]. 1967. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10002148
16) Morris GS. Effects ball and background color have upon the catching performance of elementary school children. Research Quarterly. 1976;47(3): 409-16
17) Troscianko T, Montagnon R, Le Clerc J, Malbert E, Chanteau PL. The role of colour as a monocular depth cue. Vision Res. 1991;31(11):1923-9.
18) Luckiesh M. On retiring and advancing colors. American Journal of Psychology. 1918;29: 182–6.
19) Goethe. Theory of Colours. Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. Cambridge. 1982
20) Wallisch B, Meyer W, Kanitsar A, Gröller E. Information Highlighting by Color Dependent Depth Perception with Chromo-Stereoscopy. Project Duration: 2002 – 2003.
21) Sundet J M. Effects of colour on perceived depth: Review of experiments and evaluation of theories. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 1978;19: 133-43.
22) Gooch A A, Gooch B. Enhancing perceived depth in images via artistic matting. In APGV ’04: Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization, New York. NY: ACM Press. 2004; 168.
23) Ledda P, Chalmers A, Troscianko T, Seetzen H. Evaluation of tone mapping operators using a high dynamic range display. In ACM SIGGRAPH, LA. ACM Press. 2005
24) Bailey R J, Grimm C M, Davoli C. The real effect of warm cool colors. Tech. rep. WUCSE-2006-17. Department of Computer Science and Engineering –Washington University in St. Louis. 2006
25) Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Underestanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages; 6th edition; 2006
26) پاین وی گریگوری، ایساکس لاری دی. رشد حرکتی انسان رویکردی در طول عمر. مترجمان: خلجی حسن، خواجوی داریوش. چاپ اول. اراک: انتشارات دانشگاه اراک؛ 1384.
27) Livingstone M. Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing. Harry N. Abrams, Inc; 2002
28) Blundell NL. Critical visual-perceptual attributes of championship level tennis players. In, Howell, M.L. and Wilson, B.D. (eds.), Kinesiological sciences, St. Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland, Dept. of Human Movement Studies. 1983: 51-9
29) Gassman N. A comparison of depth estimation between novice and experienced sport divers. Journal of Sports Sciences Spring. 1985; 3(1): 27-31
30) Mashita I. Sports and Vision. Japanese Journal of Clinical Sports Medicine. 2004; 12(1):8-19.