نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد رفتار حرکتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال
2 دانشیار دانشگاه تهران
3 پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر فعالیت هوازی با شدت کم و متوسط بر کارکردهای اجرایی و توجه انتخابی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص‌توجه/ بیش‌فعالی (ای.دی.اچ.دی) انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون بود. نمونه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل 20 دختر 7 تا 12 سال مبتلا به اختلال نقص‌توجه/بیش‌فعالی از دبستانی در منطقه 6 شهر تهران بود که به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و به روش تصادفی به دو گروه فعالیت هوازی با شدت کم و متوسط تقسیم شدند. جهت بررسی کارکردهای اجرایی و توجه انتخابی در مراحل پیش آزمون و پس آزمون از آزمون های استروپ و برج لندن استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از روش‌های آماری آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک‌راهه ، آزمون تعقیبی توکی و آزمون لِوین (برای تجانس واریانس‌ها) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد گروه فعالیت هوازی با شدت متوسط دارای عملکرد بهتری در متغیرهای مورد مطالعه نسبت به گروه فعالیت هواری با شدت کم بودند (P<0.05). نتایج پژوهش حاضر تاثیرات مفید فعالیت هوازی با شدت متوسط بر کارکردهای اجرایی و توجه انتخابی کودکان را تایید و پیشنهاد می شود پژوهشگران، معلمان و دست‌اندکاران سلامت جامعه از این روش تمرینی جهت بهبود کارکردهای اجرایی و شناختی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص‌توجه/ بیش‌فعالی (ای.دی.اچ.دی) استفاده نمایند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Effect of Aerobic Activity with Low and Moderate Intensity on Executive Functions and Selective Attention in Children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
نویسندگان [English]
- Atiyeh Rasoli 1
- Mahdi Namazi zadeh 2
- Amir Shams 3
1 Ms in motor behavior, Islamic Azad University, North Branch
2 Tehran
3 SSRI
چکیده [English]
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic activity with low and moderate-intensity on executive functions and selective attention in children with ADHD. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample consisted of 20 girls 7 to 12 years old with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from an elementary school in district 6 of Tehran city. They were selected as available sampling and randomly divided into two groups of low and moderate intensity aerobic activity. The Stroop and Tower of London tests were used to examine executive functions and selective attention in pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and Leven’s test. Results showed that the moderate-intensity aerobic activity group had better performance in the studied variables than the low-intensity aerobic activity group (P<0.05). The results of the present study confirm the beneficial effects of aerobic activity with moderate intensity on executive functions and selective attention of its children and it is suggested that researchers, teachers, and community health practitioners use the moderate intensity of aerobic activity to improve the executive and cognitive functions of children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- ADHD
- Tower of London Test
- Stroop Test
- Executive Functions
- Selective Attention
- Harvey WJ, Reid G, Grizenko N. Mbekou V, Ter-Stepanian M, Joober R. Fundamental movement skills and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: peer comparisons and stimulant effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007; 35:871–82.
- Harvey E, Danforth JS, McKee TE, Ulaszek WR, Friedman JL. Parenting of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the role of parental ADHD symptomatology. J Atten Disord. 2003;7(1):31-42.
- Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Ghandour RM, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, Blumberg SJ. Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. Children and Adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;47(2):199-212.
- Shams A, Dehkordi PS, Tahmasbi F, Sangari M. Are attentional instruction and feedback type affect on learning of postural and supra-postural tasks? Neurol Sci. 2020;41(7):1773-1779.
- Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Ganawarden S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficity/ hyperactivity disorder beget Later substance abuse? A metaanalytic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2004; 111:179-85.
- Kim SM, Hyun GJ, Jung TW, Son YD, Cho IH, Kee BS, Han DH. Balance deficit and brain connectivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2017;14(4):452-7.
7. Fliers E, Rommelse N, Vermeulen SH, Altink M, Buschgens CJ, Faraone SV, et al. Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender. J Neural Transm. 2008;115(2):211-20.
8. Christiansen L, Beck MM, Bilenberg N, Wienecke J, Astrup A, Lundbye-Jensen J. Effects of exercise on cognitive performance in children and adolescents with ADHD: potential mechanisms and evidence-based recommendations. J Clin Med. 2019;8:841-90.
9. Radák Z, Kaneko T, Tahara S. Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 2001;1:17–23.
11. Rassovsky Y, Alfassi T. Attention improves during physical exercise in individuals with ADHD. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1-10.
- Choi JW, Han DH, Kang KD, Jung HY, Renshaw PF. Aerobic exercise and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: brain research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(1):33-9.
- Benzing V, Chang YK, Schmidt M. Acute physical activity enhances executive functions in children with ADHD. Sci Rep. 2018;17;8(1):1-10.
- Chang YK, Liu S, Yu HH, Lee YH. Effect of acute exercise on executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychology. 2012;27(2):225-37.
- Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. editors. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004.
16. Rahimian M, Shamsipour P, Barizi N. The effect of goal setting on improve the declarative memory performance in tasks with low and high cognitive load. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2016;4(3):61-70. (In Persian).
- Morris RG, Rushe T, Woodruff PWR, Murray RM. Problem solving inschizophrenia: a specific deficit in planning ability. Schizophrenia Research. 1993; 14:235-46.
- Bagheri M, Pooladi F, Saadat F. Comparison of executive functions of Bipolar I patients and normal subjects using Wisconsin and London Tower Tests. Neuropsychology. 2019;5(1):75-90. (In Persian).
- Owen AM, Downes JJ, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia. 1990; 28:1021-34.
- Culbertson WC. Zillmer EA. The Tower of London DX: A standardized approach to assessing executive functioning in children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 1998. 13;285-301.
- Passarotti AM, Trivedi N, Patel M. Executive function in adolescent bipolar disorder with and without ADHD co-morbidity. Bipolar Disord. 2016; 1:101.
- Sung H, Collier DN, DuBose KD, Kemble CD, Mahar MT. Development of 1-mile walk tests to estimate aerobic fitness in children. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2018;22(2):167-76.
- Mahon AD, Marjerrison AD, Lee JD, Woodruff ME. Hanna LE. Evaluating the Prediction of Maximal Heart Rate in Children and Adolescents, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2010, 81:4, 466-471.
- Piepmeier AT, Shih CH, Whedon M, Williams LM, Davis ME, Henning DA, et al. The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2015; 4:97-104.
- Klil-Drori S, Hechtman L. Potential social and neurocognitive benefits of aerobic exercise as adjunct treatment for patients with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2016;24(5):795-809.
- Pontifex MB, Saliba BJ, Raine LB, Picchietti DL, Hillman CH. Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2013;162(3):543-51.
- Rahimpour M., Vaez Mousavi M., Namazi zadeh M., Shams A. The Effect of Fatigue on Decision- Making and the Visual Search behavior of Novice and Expert Soccer Players. Motor Behavior, 2022, 13(43): 1-20.
- Shams A, Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Tahmasbi F, Sangari M. Effect of easy and difficult goals on self-efficacy and memory performance in young and elderly people: challenges for the cognitive effort hypothesis. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 2020, 7 (3) :62-75.
- Lutzenberger W, Preissl H, Pulvermüller F. Fractal dimension of electro-encephalographic time series and underlying brain processes. Biological Cybernetics. 1995;73(5):477-82.
- Kirk HE, Gray KM, Ellis K, Taffe J, Cornish KM. Computerized attention training for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016; 12:1380-9.
31. Konicarova J, Bob P, Raboch J. Balance deficits and ADHD symptoms in medication-naive school-aged boys. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:85–8.
- Mohajeri R., Mokhtari P., Shams A. The combination effect of action observation, motor imagery and physical training differences methods on stability of in-phase and anti-phase movements. Motor Behavior, 2016, 7(22): 109-130.
- Shams A, Naeimi Tajdar S M. Contextual Interference Effect in Bandwidth and Self-Control Feedback Conditions on Relative and Absolute Timing Learning. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2016, 4 (2):49-57.
)